The Blocking of Viber in Saudi Arabia

The Blocking of Viber in Saudi Arabia Mansour Alaithan Ali alakalifa INTRODUCTION What’s Viber ? Viber  is a app for instant messaging  also for Voice over IP  (VoIP) for smart phones  owned by Viber Media. Not only voice messaging but also users able send and receive images, video and audio media messages, Viber was founded by four  Israeli partners and they are Talmon Marco, Igor Megzinik, Sani Maroli and Ofer Smocha. Viber Mediais registered as a Cyprus company in  Las Vegas  and its development centers located in Belarus  and  Israel. The foundeders of the company are Talmon Marco  and Igor Megzinik, who are friends from the  Israel Defense Forces. The company is running from Israel, with lot of the app’s developments outsourced to Belarus in order to lower labor-costs. It was founded in 2010, with the four Israeli co-owner of the company who have each increased their exploitation by more than 30 times on the startups $900 million sale to  Rakuten. What happened? In March Saudi government have warned encrypted messaging services like Viber and others that would be blocked if they don’t provided a means to be monitored. The head manager Marco had refused to provide the requested data to Saudi officials. It was expected that Vibers free voice calls and text messaging service is no longer working in Saudi Arabia is not entirely unexpected. Telecoms regulator of Saudi Arabia had warned them also warned Skype and WhatsApp .they would be blocked if they did not provide the date requested . Saudis and expatriates that lives in Saudi Arabia were prompted by this warning to protest against this move. Others started to censor their messages, in case they were already being monitored. The head manager told BBC that Saudi IPS and mobile operator begun to asking for information about the internal workings of the service a couple of months ago of that time . Circumventing the problem: Marco said Viber had faced the same problem of blocking the app in other county. There, he said he believed the motive was political, but in Saudi Arabia it was unclear whether commercial interests might also be at stake. Marco ( the head of the messaging application) Viber has said people in Saudi Arabia have had basic freedoms taken away, after his service was blocked there. So we face here a freedom of speech problem . The head manager Marco told the BBC he did not know the reason for the move, but that Viber would be restored soon. So this problem rises couple of question, like what is the meaning of freedom of speech, what are the limits and law in Saudi Arabia, and what the ethical issue did Viber rises by not providing information. what is the meaning of freedom of speech Freedom of speechis the civil right to connect ones opinions and ideas. The word freedom of expressionis occasionally used synonymously, but contains any act of seeking, getting and telling information or ideas, nevertheless the medium used. Rules restrict speech with varying limits. Common limits on speech relate to slander, libel,  obscenity,  sedition,  pornography, incitement,  fighting words,  classified information,  hate speech,  copyright violation,  trade secrets,  non-disclosure agreements,  right to be forgotten,  right to privacy, public security,  public nuisance,  public order, campaign finance reform  and  oppression. Whether these limits can be defensible under the harmbe contingent upon whether manipulating a third partys opinions or activities harmfully to the second party founds such harm or not. The words offense principle is also usedto grow the range of free speech limits to forbid forms of expression where they are measured offensive to people, different interest groups or persons. For example, freedom of speech is limited in many rules to broadly different grades bysystems, religiousor  incitement to ethnic or racial hatredrules. Privacy Privacy is the gift of an individual or group to separate themselves, or information about themselves, and thereby definite themselves selectively. The limits and content of what is measured private vary among cultures and individuals, but share common themes. When something is private to a person, it usually means that something is integrally special or sensitive to them. The domain of privacy partly overlays security, which can include the ideas of appropriate use, as well as defense of information. Privacy may also take the procedure of bodily integrity. The right not to be subjected to illegal invasion of privacy by the government, businesses or individuals is part of many countries privacy laws, and in some cases, compositions. Almost all countries have laws which in some way bound privacy. An example of this would be law concerning assessment, which normally require the distribution of information about personal income or earnings. In some countries individual privacy may clash with freedom of speech laws and some laws may need public expose of information which would be measured private in other countries and cultures. Privacy may be willingly sacrificed, normally in exchange for professed benefits and very often with exact dangers and losses, while this is a very strategic view of human relations. In the business world, a person may agree personal details (frequently for advertising purposes) in order to bet on winning a prize. Private information which is voluntarily shared but then stolen or misused can chief to identity theft. what are the limits and law in Saudi Arabia Human rights in Saudi Arabia are proposed to be created on the Hanbali Islamic religious laws under complete rule of the Saudi royal family. Saudi Arabia has a Counter-Radicalization Program the drive of which is to fight the spread and appeal of intemperate beliefs among the general populous and to impart the true values of the Islamic faith, such as tolerance and moderation. This tolerance and control has been termed into problem by The Baltimore Sun, based on the reports from Amnesty International regarding Raif Badawi. Speech, the press and other methods of communicative media, containing television and radio broadcasting and Internet reception, are actively censored by the government to prevent political opposition and anything deemed, by the government, to be offensive to the Wahhabi culture or Islamic morality. In 2008, a noticeable Saudi blogger and reformist Fouad al-Farhan was caged for posting comments online that were dangerous of Saudi business, religious and media figures, signifying a move by the government to step up its censorship polices of the Internet within its limits. Online social media has progressively come under government search for dealing with the forbidden topics. In 2010 a Saudi man was punished and given jail time for his sexually suggestive YouTube video making. That same year another man was also caged and ordered to pay a fine for arrogant about his sex life on television. And there is a lot of other examples happened with similar problems. It show that the low in Saudi Arabia does not tolerate any action that against the religion or the security of the country in anyway and allowing a free call like Viber and other that share tons of information without being monitor by the government is can cause an infringement of the rules in Saudi Arabia . That’s add a pros to the Saudi Arabia side that they have a right to ask for information. It’s the country rights to track down and search for crimes and protect the religions lows. But still one problem is the privacy of the people and that’s a pros in Viber side. So how this issue is unethical to privacy and what are the limits and the concept of privacy in Saudi Arabia Privacy in Saudi Arabia Data Safety under Shariah Values Shariah ethics protect each individual’s right to privacy and forbid any assaults thereon. In Shariah principles, revelation of secrets is forbidden except inter alia where the owner of the relevant secret agrees to such confession or if the public attention requires so. The Holy Qu’ran and the Sunnah do not specify a consequence for revelation of secrets; however, as clarified above, such release may be punishable by a value that a judge, in his discretion, deems right and fair. Such consequence may include a fine, imprisonment or scarcity of certain rights such as suspension of a practicing license. Data Protection under Saudi Arabian Law In general, there is no exact data protection law in KSA. Therefore, in the absence of specific necessities on data protection, Saudi Arabian courts and adjudicatory bodies will understand data privacy abuses under general Shariah principles, which are, as described above, often sent in general terms and afford courts and adjudicatory bodies huge discretion. We understand, however, that a new individual data protection law is under review by the Shura Council Discussions and Recommendations The Saudi government should have the right to protect its people and the whole system. Meanwhile the Viber wants to give the privacy to its user which is what people needs. Saudi Arabia follows the Shariah which proved the privacy to people , and that why it should and not block it just to monitor the users private message in KSA , and by return it and unblock the service , they’ve done the right thing . Conclusions Saudi Arabia tried to provide the security to people but did not puts in count the other basic fundamental right which is providing privacy to people. References: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-22806848 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viber#Company http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia#Freedom_of_press_and_communication Data Protection in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Primer Noor Al-Fawzan and Omar Elsayed

Information on Oak Trees

Oaks are among the hardiest of hardwood trees and over time can become large shade trees. These trees are popular for their size, long life and beautiful fall colors, but be prepared to wait many years for this grandeur if planting a seedling. Oaks can live and grow for hundreds of years. Attention to soil conditions, diseases and other factors can lead to long-living, beautiful trees. Deciduous Oaks Among the most common oaks are white, red and pin oaks. These types are deciduous, meaning leaves change color and fall from branches in autumn. The leaves of oaks distinguish between the types. White, pin and red oaks all exhibit lobed leaves that branch off in a half-dozen or more appendages. White oaks possess rounded lobes on leaves that are green in spring and summer and change to bright red come fall. Because of their large size when fully grown, white oaks are a popular shade tree. Red and pin oaks have leaves with pointed lobes and follow similar seasonal color patterns to the white oak. Branches tend to droop lower on pin oaks than on red oaks, making the pin a bad choice for growing near streets and sidewalks because of possible obstructions. The red oak tends to be sturdier and more tolerant of city pollutants. Live Oaks Live oaks are the odd men out in the oak family. These trees produce evergreen leaves that are broad without lobes. The foliage is bright green, and the trees are known for abundant shade and do well in cold climates. Planting and Care Pick a spot not too crowded where the tree will have room to branch out. Measure the distance from the soil surface to the bottom of the container or soil ball containing the tree, then dig a hole a little shallower than that distance. Make sure the hole is about three times as wide as the pot or tree ball. After placing the tree in the hole, fill the depression in with loosely packed soil, leaving a mound near the base of the plant. Newly planted trees will need good soakings every four days or so in warmer months for the first year for best results. Anthracnose Anthracnose is a common disease among oaks through which fungi cause defoliation. The best way to fight this disease is to prevent it in the first place. For smaller oaks, spray with fungicide in the spring to prevent unwanted growth. If trees become infected, immediately rake up any affected leaves for disposal. Prune and burn any dead twigs and branches. Then treat with fungicide. Products of the Oak Tree The hardness of oak makes it a popular lumber for construction and furniture production. Its rich tones make for attractive tables, shelves, moldings and trim. As a member of the hardwood family, oak also can be used in the smoking and grilling of food. Natural oak-based lump charcoal is a favorite among grilling purists.

Why to be a chemical engineer

An individual should take on chemical engineering due to requirement of diverse knowledge, the striving to better them self, and to increase their potential. In the diverse knowledge column, there are a set of base standards one has to meet. To prepare for such a high paying and Incredible Job, the applicant must have a â€Å"Bachelor's degree In chemical engineering for entry-level; masters or doctoral degree for advanced positions†. (n. Page. With this education one must have, the applicant can really be a dependable to the company's success and can be prone to raises, extra jobs and many opportunities to go deeper in their occupation. When preparing to look into actually becoming and pursuing the occupation of a chemical engineer, applicants are safe under the studies and modern statistics about supply and demand of the occupation Itself. On a Job outlook done by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the statistics stated, â€Å"Demand for chemical engineers' services depends la rgely on demand for the products of various manufacturing industries. (n. Page) To penetrate the demand and supply to a deeper extent, chemical engineering has a shining virtue in the statistics column, there is a 2% unemployment in the engineering fields, yet there are jobs that [not taken]. pig. 2) Also In the preparation portion, advice along with a Job notice states the following preparation for an applicant. â€Å"Be prepared to work In areas of â€Å"blended engineering† where chemical engineering principles walk hand in hand with mechanical, civil, electrical, and/or industrial engineering.Be willing to diversify because you will excel. † (pig. 2) Preparation for this Job is quite simple due to the consistent stated postulate of the job being blended and diversified with other engineering types. If an applicant should ever wonder why the occupation is blended, an actual account of a chemical efferent Job sectors that a chemical engineer can fit into. It is impor tant to do your homework and identify what your interests are up front. You can waste a lot of time and effort if you are taking a shotgun approach.If you are interested in a certain sector or a certain geographic area, you're better off to expend your energies on those Jobs. † With the blend of other engineering occupations, the choice of chemical engineering could benefit a possible applicant by strengthening the weaknesses in parts of their knowledge that are lacking. This blend leads to discipline in the occupation to better the applicant. Not only could this blend draw out discipline in the occupation, but could also strengthen personal and social issues one could have.An engineer with personal experience in these categories advices applicants by stating, â€Å"Work with others it varies from Job to Job, probably from about a 3 Tao 10. Accept criticism. But this is a life issue, not an engineering issue. â€Å"(n. Page) With actual experience and not statistics with stu dies, this valuable advice could prepare an applicant to be disciplined in a different category than engineering itself, therefore, expanding their diversity of knowledge and interaction. These could truly be attributes an applicant would want to desire even if they didn't decide to pursue chemical engineering.In chemical engineering, an applicant would not only want to submerse themselves in complete knowledge of chemical engineering, but also in learning qualifications that could get them noticed and hired. To be a chemical engineer, an applicant should not be only strong in the occupation itself, but also in their interaction and sociability. A chemical engineer informs a group of applicants by stating, â€Å"A lot of my work is team-oriented. I work with a few other people and we all upend on each other to bring certain results or knowledge to the group as a whole so that we can accomplish our overall goal. (n. Page) By having interactive qualities, it is clear and also postula ted that one cannot be an introverted person when looking to get hired. By actual accounts of a chemical engineer, he postulates and informs applicants that, â€Å"All engineers must at some point (if not nearly always) work as part of a group or team, and all engineers must be able to communicate the results of their work – to their peers, supervisors, upper management, subordinates, and the outside world. You could have the most wonderful idea, but if you can't convince others of its merit, your idea will die on the vine. (n. Page. ) With the plethora ideas and accounts of the social and interactive aspects, applicants most likely will look to improve on speaking or getting a certain point or idea across. More information and advice from a group of engineers concludes the interaction and speaking qualities by advising applicants, â€Å"The key, which many engineers and scientists Just don't realize, is not to dazzle the audience with technophobia, but to be as clear, conc ise, and to he point as possible. The hardest thing for many engineers to do is get to the point. This information and advice that is given could strike the desire to expand interactive qualities. Companies are not only looking for social and interactive people, but also responsible applicants. An account of an experienced chemical engineer gives his personal point of view by inferring, â€Å"l would believe that I was hired because I tend to take on lots of responsibility. † An applicant could have all the qualities required to be hired, except for the drawback of irresponsibility. While an individual could be the ND with a high probability not want an irresponsible chemical engineer to be staffed with.If an applicant were to search for a generally high paying Job, they would most likely find that outside of chemical engineering, requirements could possibly appear unreasonable and very rigorous to go through. On a Job that medians at $187,000 per year such as a medical docto r, the requirements would most likely be postulated to be longer, and more rigorous than those of chemical engineering. Statistics and accounts done by Education Portal exemplify requirements of a medical doctor by dating, â€Å"Completing a bachelor's degree program is necessary to prepare prospective doctors to enter medical school. † (n. Page. After accomplishing a bachelor's degree, which takes 4 years of college, the student must proceed to 4 years of medical school. The same education portal informs their audience, â€Å"Medical school consists of four years of medical training and education†¦ The first two years of a prospective doctor's medical school experience are devoted to book study and laboratory work to prepare students for diagnosing and treating illnesses. During the second year of med school, dents take the first portion of the United States Medical Licensing Examination, which is administered by the National Board of Medical Examiners. After these two years of rigorous training and examination, the portal informs students, â€Å"During the last two years of medical school, students begin their clinical experience, going through rotations at clinics and hospitals. Students work under attending physicians to begin their practical training in medicine. † (n. Page) In a total of 8 years of college, which could lead to financial problems, the student would fill the requirements of being a medical doctor. If a graduated high school student were to pick to pursue chemical engineering, they have the possibility and are potentially able to earn Just as much with less requirements.A popular career guidance center informs students, â€Å"A Bachelor of Science degree in chemical engineering is the most common entry- level requirement for Chemical Engineers. † With only 4 years of college and only in the science portion, a chemical engineer has a potential to earn â€Å"$1 1 5,000 or more† (n. Page) per year. With this s alary potential, money spent on college and time is saved to better the encouragement in actually pursuing the occupation of chemical engineering. Leading up to this well-rounded occupation includes many opportunities for experience, life benefits, and a very comfortable potential salary.In the experience column, many encounters by actual chemical engineers advise students, â€Å"Consider participating in an internship with an engineering firm while in college. Most internships are part of a four-year degree program. It will offer you a chance to apply what you have learned in the classroom in an actual work situation and will give you the opportunity to network with people in the field. (n. Page) With these benefits, dents have an opportunity to not go into their occupation completely blindfolded.A career guidance program infers why chemical engineers pick their occupation by inferring, â€Å"They should enjoy making decisions and directing the work of others, as well as be willi ng to improve their knowledge and skills on an ongoing basis. † With this inference that earned positive feedback, these potential encounters could give a chemical engineer the benefits of pursuing that occupation. Life benefits would also pursuing this occupation could potentially earn an engineer â€Å"$1 1 5,000 or more† with also a stated postulate informing applicants, â€Å"it is not uncommon to have incomes ranging from $90,000 to $130,000 or more. (n. Page) This salary would not only draw out applicants who would desire money and being comfortable, but this comfortable living could also be tied in and related to life benefits and experience. To finish off the tied in topics, retirement would not be a problem financially if the certain engineer was responsible with their money. Responsibility was also an inference for qualities an applicant should have which was stated in earlier texts. Ranging from possible, achievable, comfortable, enjoyable, beneficial, and k nowledgeably wide, the occupation of chemical engineering appears to be worth the time and money spent.Salaries tying in with comfortable living can keep a chemical engineer stress free to an extent, and with interaction within the Job itself, can potentially balance personal life, with its own occupation. An actual account of a chemical engineer concludes his interview by stating, â€Å"l believe that a chemical engineer degree is great for opening doors. † This can be agreed with due to all the benefits of pursuing the career of chemical engineering stated previously. As a Heimlich engineer himself said, this great and worth-while occupation has potential to open your doors.

Social Problems essays

Social Problems essays America has seen a great amount of social change during the past few decades. From they way we eat to the way we treat our criminals to the safety of our children at school, things have definitely changed. The rash of recent school shootings is a sure sign of the breakdown in parenting and a lack of family values being taught to our children. The highly processed foods that we are eating have led to a nation, which is severely overweight and ill. The Criminal Justice system in this country is a joke; it has been shown to be biased against minorities and the poor. A guilty rich man is known as a free man, while a poor murderer is destined for years on death row. In the Kip Kinkel article we are given a view of Kips life as told by his friends and classmates. A symbolic interactionist would say that this violence is caused by a break down in the childs social structures, organizations, and culture. The main social structure to decline is that of the family. Twenty to thirty years ago the family was much stronger. There were less single parent homes and the divorce rate was lower. Since these changes have taken place, families have demised and some children have become unruly. A Structural functionalist would say that the fast food we eat serves two purposes. The first purpose, which is the manifest function, is food which is served almost as fast as it is ordered. This would be a good function of fast food, since it has been labeled fast food. The second function, or latent function of fast food, is the battle of the bulge, which many Americans are fighting due to their dependency on fast, over processed food. The food industry is interrelated with corporate America and also with poor Americans. Corporate America generally gives its workers thirty minutes to an hour to eat lunch. To get out get a bite to eat and get back to work in this time; one needs to go to a fast food restaurant. In these s...

Maria Goeppert-Mayer, Mathematician and Physicist

Maria Goeppert-Mayer, Mathematician and Physicist Maria Goeppert-Mayer Facts:   Known for:  A mathematician and physicist, Maria Goeppert Mayer was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963 for her work on the nuclear shell structure.Occupation:  mathematician, physicistDates:  June 18, 1906 - February 20, 1972Also known as:  Maria Goeppert Mayer, Maria Gà ¶ppert Mayer, Maria Gà ¶ppert Maria Goeppert-Mayer Biography: Maria Gà ¶ppert was born in 1906 in Kattowitz, then in Germany (now Katowice, Poland). Her father became a professor of pediatrics at the University at Gà ¶ttingen, and her mother was a former music teacher known for her entertaining parties for faculty members. Education With her parents support, Maria Gà ¶ppert studied mathematics and science, preparing for a university education. But there were no public schools for girls to prepare for this venture, so she enrolled in a private school. The disruption of World War I and the post-war years made study difficult and closed the private school. A year short of finishing, Gà ¶ppert nevertheless passed her entrance exams and entered in 1924. The only woman teaching at the university did so without a salary a situation with which Gà ¶ppert would become familiar in her own career. She began by studying mathematics, but the lively atmosphere as a new center of quantum mathematics, and exposure to the ideas of such greats as Niels Bohrs and Max Born, led Gà ¶ppert to switch to physics as her course in study. She continued her study, even on the death of her father, and received her doctorate in 1930. Marriage and Emigration Her mother had taken in student boarders so that the family could remain in their home, and Maria became close to Joseph E. Mayer, an American student. They married in 1930, she adopted the last name Goeppert-Mayer, and emigrated to the United States. There, Joe took up an appointment on the faculty of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. Because of nepotism rules, Maria Goeppert-Mayer was unable to hold a paid position at the University, and instead became a volunteer associate. In this position, she could do research, received a small amount of pay, and was given a small office. She met and befriended Edward Teller, with whom shed work later. During summers, she returned to Gà ¶ttingen where she collaborated with Max Born, her former mentor. Born left Germany as that nation prepared for war, and Maria Goeppert-Mayer became a U.S. citizen in 1932. Maria and Joe had two children, Marianne and Peter. Later, Marianne became an astronomer and Peter became an assistant professor of economics. Joe Mayer next received an appointment at Columbia University. Goeppert-Mayer and her husband wrote a book together there,  Statistical Mechanics.  As at Johns Hopkins, she could not hold a paying job at Columbia, but worked informally and gave some lectures. She met Enrico Fermi, and became part of his research team still without pay. Teaching and Research When the United States went to war in 1941, Maria Goeppert-Mayer received a paid teaching appointment only part-time, at Sarah Lawrence College. She also began working part-time at Columbia Universitys Substitute Alloy Metals project a highly secret project working on separating uranium-235 to fuel nuclear fission weapons. She went several times to the top-secret Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico, where she worked with Edward Teller, Niels Bohr and Enrico Fermi. After the war, Joseph Mayer was offered a professorship at the University of Chicago, where other major nuclear physicists were also working. Once again, with nepotism rules, Maria Goeppert-Mayer could work as a voluntary (unpaid) assistant professor which she did, with Enrico Fermi, Edward Teller, and Harold Urey, also by that time on the faculty at the U. of C. Argonne and Discoveries In a few months, Goeppert-Mayer was offered a position at Argonne National Laboratory, which was managed by the University of Chicago. The position was part-time but it was paid and a real appointment: as senior researcher. At Argonne, Goeppert-Mayer worked with Edward Teller to develop a little bang theory of cosmic origin. From that work, she began working on the question of why elements that had 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82 and 126 protons or neutrons were notably stable. The model of the atom already posited that electrons moved around in shells orbiting the nucleus. Maria Goeppert-Mayer established mathematically that if the nuclear particles were spinning on their axes and orbiting within the nucleus in predictable paths that can be described as shells, these numbers would be when the shells were full and more stable than half-empty shells. Another researcher, J. H. D. Jensen of Germany, discovered the same structure at nearly the same time. He visited Goeppert-Mayer in Chicago, and over four years the two produced a book on their conclusion,  Elementary Theory of Nuclear Shell Structure,  published in 1955. San Diego In 1959, the University of California at San Diego offered full-time positions to both Joseph Mayer and Maria Goeppert-Mayer. They accepted and moved to California. Soon after, Maria Goeppert-Mayer suffered a stroke which left her unable to fully use one arm. Other health problems, especially heart problems, plagued her during her remaining years. Recognition In 1956, Maria Goeppert-Mayer was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. In 1963, Goeppert-Mayer and Jensen were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for their shell model of the structure of the nucleus. Eugene Paul Wigner also won for work in quantum mechanics. Maria Goeppert-Mayer was thus the second woman to win the Nobel Prize for Physics (the first was Marie Curie), and the first to win it for theoretical physics. Maria Goeppert-Mayer died in 1972, after suffering a heart attack in late 1971 that left her in a coma. Print Bibliography Robert G. Sachs.  Maria Goeppert-Mayer, 1906-1972: A Biographical Memoir.  1979.Maria Goeppert-Mayer.  Statistical Mechanics. 1940.Maria Goeppert-Mayer.  Elementary Theory of Nuclear Shell Structure. 1955.Goeppert-Mayers papers are at the University of California, San Diego. Selected Maria Goeppert Mayer Quotations For a long time I have considered even the craziest ideas about atom nucleus... and suddenly I discovered the truth. Mathematics began to seem too much like puzzle solving. Physics is puzzle solving, too, but of puzzles created by nature, not by the mind of man.   On winning the Nobel Prize in Physics, 1963:  Winning the prize wasnt half as exciting as doing the work itself.

The Tradition of Judaism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Tradition of Judaism - Essay Example The family has a meal featuring traditional food and wine. The purpose of the ritual to remind people that when God created the Universe in seven days, He devoted a whole day to resting and so should the Jews. I learned that people who adhere to the religious tradition of Judaism tend to perform this ritual on a weekly basis, namely every sun set of Friday and up to the sun set of Saturday. As I have previously noticed, the wife is responsible for lighting up the candles and saying the blessing. Then, the father of the family says all the required prayers and the people are able to have dinner and celebrate Shabbat. It is beyond any doubt that this particular ritual preaches the need of the people to adhere to the religious tradition of Judaism and devote an entire day of the week free from daily routine and contemplating about what really matters in life, namely their relationship with God. There are different methods of praying that are used during this ritual: the words of prayers are pronounced first by the woman and then all the prayers are chanted by a man. In addition to that, people are required to direct their mind to various religious matters so that it would not stray away from the ritual. Speaking of the body placement during the Shabbat, it is a tradition to remain standing while all the major prayers and blessings are performed which shows that the people feel respect for the moment. What is really interesting is that there is a certain function reserved for women during Shabbat: they not only light up the candles but also prepare the meals for the dinner, which puts a lot of responsibility on them.

Finance problems Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Finance problems - Speech or Presentation Example What is the component cost of debt for use in the WACC calculation? Tapley Inc. recently hired you as a consultant to estimate the company’s WACC. You have obtained the following information. (1) Tapleys bonds mature in 25 years, have a 7.5% annual coupon, a par value of $1,000, and a market price of $936.49. (2) The company’s tax rate is 40%. (3) The risk-free rate is 6.0%, the market risk premium is 5.0%, and the stock’s beta is 1.5. (4) The target capital structure consists of 30% debt and 70% equity. Tapley uses the CAPM to estimate the cost of equity, and it does not expect to have to issue any new common stock. What is its WACC? Wagner Inc estimates that its average-risk projects have a WACC of 10%, its below-average risk projects have a WACC of 8%, and its above-average risk projects have a WACC of 12%. Which of the following projects (A, B, and C) should the company accept? The Nunnally Company has equal amounts of low-risk, average-risk, and high-risk projects. Nunnally estimates that its overall WACC is 12%. The CFO believes that this is the correct WACC for the company’s average-risk projects, but that a lower rate should be used for lower risk projects and a higher rate for higher risk projects. However, the CEO argues that, even though the company’s projects have different risks, the WACC used to evaluate each project should be the same because the company obtains capital for all projects from the same sources. If the CEO’s opinion is followed, what is likely to happen over time? Since according to the CEO’s opinion all projects, whether risky or non-risky, should be evaluated by using the average WACC therefore the riskier project’s cash flows would be discounted by using a lower WACC as a result the firm will accept too many risky projects. Similarly, low risk project’s cash flows would be discounted by using a higher WACC which will reject too many low-risk projects. Percy Motors has a target capital