Terrorism Is Defined As A Means Of Coercion - 1689 Words

Terrorism is defined as the systematic use of terror especially as a means of coercion. It’s a problem that the United States and other countries have dealt with since before 9/11 but more significantly afterwards. On September 11, 2001, there was a series of four attacks by the Islamic terrorist group known as al-Qaeda. Two planes crashed into the North and South towers of the World Trade Center in New York City and a third crashed into the Pentagon, which houses the headquarters of the United States Department of Defense in Virginia. There was a fourth plane that was on track to Washington, D.C. but crashed into field in Pennsylvania. Several lives were lost, a total of 2,977 according to a CNN report. However 9/11 was only the beginning of terrorist attacks. Although 9/11 happened in the United Sates, terrorist attacks are felt worldwide and happen in countries other than the U.S. Recently, there have been terrorist attacks in Paris and Brussels. In 2015-16 alone there have been 10 known terrorist attacks in places such as Syria, Nigeria and Iraq, which doesn t include the minuscule ones that the media doesn t cover. I will describe the beginnings of terrorism. Second, I will show the influence of religion on terrorism, particularly Islam. Lastly, describe the effects of terrorism on different parts of the world and its causes. According to Controversies of the George W. Bush Administration, terrorism in the form that we know it as today can be tracedShow MoreRelatedDifficulties Of Defining Terrorism Has Changed Our Lives1305 Words   |  6 PagesDifficulties of Defining Terrorism Christine King CRJ440 Dr. Alanna Smith July 12, 2015 â€Æ' Abstract Terrorism has been around for hundreds of years and through the years the definition of terrorism has changed. While the United States knew of terrorism it wasn’t a main stream issue for Americans, these types of activities happened in other countries, not ours. Unfortunately that is not true, which we found that terrorism can and did reach our shores and change our lives, this unfortunate realizationRead MoreSoft Power Without Hard Power Is No Power.1104 Words   |  5 Pagespower, we first define power as the ability to do something or act in a certain way. As Nye had pointed out, nations can wield power in two forms, soft and hard power. Soft power, as coined by Nye (1990) is defined as â€Å"the ability to get what you want through attraction rather than through coercion.† In contrast, hard power is seen as the use of military might or economic sanctions to coerce others into doing your will. Even as soft power gains traction among world leaders today, many still findRead MoreTerrorism, Cia, And South America1062 Words   |  5 PagesTerrorism, CIA, and South America Terrorism. This word has caused more change in the 21st century than any other thought, policy, or idea. This change can not only be seen in the political realm, but in the academic realm as well. Since the attacks on September 11, the study and research of terrorism has grown exponentially. One area of research that is gaining popularity is whether or not the United States itself has participated in acts of terrorism as defined by the CIA. The largest of theseRead More8th Amendment658 Words   |  3 PagesStates law for what, before the amendment, was defined as a war crime, such as torture (Wikipedia). The Patriot Act in 2010 added criminalization of pure speech in furtherance of the non-criminal acts of terrorist groups (How 9-11 changed the Law, Privacy, Profiling and Free Speech, 2011. The coercion and torturing captured terrorist is needed to protect national security in the war against terrorism. There are numerous justifications why the coercion or torture of terrorist is normally a lesserRead MoreSoft Power Without Hard Power Is No Power.1117 Words   |  5 Pagespower, we first define power as the ability to do something or act in a certain way. As Nye had pointed out, nations can wield power in two forms, soft and hard power. Soft power, as coined by Nye (1990) is defined as â€Å"the ability to get what you want through attraction rather than through coercion.† In contrast, hard power is seen as the use of military might or economic sanctions to coerce others into doing your will. Even as soft power gains traction among world leaders today, many still find theRead MoreThe Difference between Terrorism and Domestic Terrorism Essay1104 Words   |  5 PagesThe terms terrorism and domestic terrorism are very similar concepts. There are, however, slight differences in each. Entities that are apart of the Government have slightly different ways of explaining what they believe to be the correct definition of terrorism and domestic terrorism. In this paper the author will offer definitions of the two terms and state which one they agree with the most. The author will also state how the two terms are best differentiated. The Federal Bureau of InvestigationRead MoreTerrorism : The United States1530 Words   |  7 PagesTerrorism is something that has affected the lives of the American population in the United States at least once in their lifetimes. It is something that Americans have read about in history books and have seen on national television. The United States defines terrorism under Title 22 of the U.S. Code (USC) Section 2656f (d) as a, â€Å"premeditated, politically motivated violence perpetrated against noncombatant targets by subnational groups or clandestine agents, usually intended to influence an audienceRead MoreTerrorism : Terrorism And Terrorism959 Words   |  4 Pagesespecially against the state or the public as a politically motivated means of attack or coercion. The terms terrorist and terrorism have been used since the late 18th century. While several definitions agree that terrorism can or does consist in deliberately killing or trying to kill civilians, they disagree as t o whether that violence should also aim at some political effect in order to qualify as terrorism. The term terrorism, like globalism, is difficult to define and has a diversity of meaningsRead MoreTerrorism, International And Domestic Terrorism1850 Words   |  8 Pages Terrorism is not a new issue in today’s world. It has been an issue for centuries, and even in the ancient world. The military strategy â€Å"total war† can be seen as terrorism because it struck fear in the hearts in the next town before the army arrived. According to the United States Code and the FBI website, terrorism is split in our law into three types. 18 U.S.C.  § 2331 defines two types of terrorism, international and domestic terrorism. According to the FBI website, â€Å"International† terrorismRead MoreEssay about Homeland Security1415 Words   |  6 PagesSince 9/11, terrorism has become a priority for law enforcement and military personnel in the United States. Even more importantly, it has turned into a War on Terrorism. September 11th was the worst terrorist attack ever on the United States. Therefore, our government officials responded in the only way that felt suitable, attacking terrorism. The group responsible for the events of 9/11 is called the Al Qaeda. Al Qaeda is one of the most well known terrorist groups in the world. Because

Effective Behavioral Strategies For Students With Autism...

Course Project Data Summary Kekki has been my student since she turns to 3 years old. She was identifies with developmental delayed and she was placed in Early Childhood Intervention settings. Personally I have received the opportunity to work with Kekki for 3 academic years. During this period, I could establish a healthy relation with the parent would reinforce my effort to collect data about Kekki’s function at home and social circumstances as well. The research question developed for this course study is: â€Å"What are the effective behavioral strategies reduce aggressive behavior in elementary students with Autism.† As per Dr. Safran, to better assist the students, we should listen to the parent and consider what their thoughts, concerns (Laureate Education, Inc. (Executive Producer). (2010) The established rapport with the parents made my interview process much easier and smooth enough to collect more details about Kekki. I have tried to collect the information regarding Kekki’s disability and its impact on her daily life activities in terms of her function at home, relationship with others, her abilities, her weaknesses, her self help skills, social interactions, her behavioral issues and also her present IEP and its effectiveness. The conversation ended with the discussion regarding possible changes or programs can be added into Kekki’s IEP to assist Kekki function better in her daily life situation. Kekki’s mother, Ms. RShow MoreRelatedThe Randomized Trial Of Function- Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Essay988 Words   |  4 Pages In the study â€Å"Preliminary Randomized Trial of Function- Based Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy to Treat Obsessive Compulsive Behavior in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder† by the Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities journal, groups of eight to twelve-year-old children with high functioning Autism Spectrum Disorder are assessed. All of these children, in addition to the diagnosis of autism, exhibit the challenging behavior of obsessive compulsions, also known as OCB. Although noneRead MoreThe Seven Dimensions Of Aba1206 Words   |  5 PagesDimensions of ABA Applied to Individuals with ASD The hallmarks of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) involve marked deficits in social interaction as well as engagement in repetitive behaviors and language difficulties (Leblanc, Richardson, Warnie, 2005). Although autism can have a profound impact on the capabilities and functioning of the individual, emerging research indicates that applied behavioral analysis (ABA) can be an effective tool for addressing many of the deficits that children with ASDRead MoreA Case Study of a First-grade Student1344 Words   |  5 PagesThis case study consists of a first grade student, Adam, who displays minimal social interaction and exhibits patterns of disruptive behavior in the form of tantrums. 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Literature Review On Community Nursing †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Literature Review On Community Nursing. Answer: Introduction Community nursinghas been a key professional player both at the national level and at the international level.Community nursing is described as health activities other than acute hospital activities. Community nursing is necessary due to the poor health conditions that are witnessed in most communities living in Australia.Community nursing is currently in high demand due to increasing demand for community nursing services. Safety of the community hangs on a number of factors that include geographical area, physical health conditions, organizational framework and strategies applied to tackle challenges within the community nursing environment. The following literature review explores community nursing as a profession with a major focus on the role, professional pathways, and work environment, professional organizations that support community nursing and high demand. Literature review: Community nursing definition Goodman, Bunnell, and Posner (2014) define community nursing broadly as nursing care provided outside the acute hospital setting. This definition includes those nursing care that is provided within community hospitals, home cares, and schools or police stations. This definition does not contradict similar definition by Srivastava, Singh, Montagu and Bhattacharyya (2017), who indicates that community nursing care extends its operation to childrens home and families within their homes. Community nursing as indicated by World Health Organization (2017) comprises of activities of community health or public health. This implies that community nursing also includes public health are they both work at the community level. Community health currently majorly plays a critical role in enduring healthy leaving conditions among various communities. Roles of community nursing According to David and Laoingco (2017), community nursing has various roles it plays in the community settings. One of this role includes assessing the community health status based on the available community health data. This according to Mohsen (2013) includes assessing the implementing community health data to better the community healthcare. Secondly, as explained by Dee and Bridget (2015), community nursing practitioner plays an important role in forming a communication link between various stakeholders with the community healthcare fraternity. This is similar to another communication role elaborated by MOHFW Indian Public Health Standards (2012) that indicate that community nursing practitioner communicates with families on the available health problem in an effort to arrive at a lasting solution. Thirdly, National Rural Health Mission et al (2011) indicates that community nursing play role in developing public health team that works with community healthcare department for bet ter community health. This does not contradict similar idea advanced by Putra, Petpichetchian, and Maneewat (2011), who indicated that community nursing practitioner exhibit the leadership skills in leading community health team. Fourthly, community nursing plays another role of using health research particularly about the community they work in to study epidemiology affecting the community. As cited by MCHIP India's Reproductive et al (2014), community nursing plays an important role in utilizing research findings to monitor disease epidemiology within the community setting. Community nursing work environment Community nursing working environment entails many challenges and safety issues that affect the operation of community nursing. Firstly, according to World Health Organization (2017), community nursing working environment is characterized by the larger geographical distance between clients. Community nursing environment is influenced by a distance that limits the operation of some nursing practitioners. Secondly, as explained by Kumar et al (2011), community nursing environment is also influenced by physical environmental factors such as poor health conditions and clients poor living conditions within homes. This is similar to those conditions explained by Briton (2017) that also indicate the physical environment effect on the nursing community. The author indicates that poor living conditions coupled with poor clients lifestyle affect the nursing environment. Thirdly, community nursing environment is characterized by institutional or organizational setting that includes organization s such as community hospital setting or police station. According to ABS (2014), community nursing operates in an environment that includes various institution and organizations that sometimes require authorization before the operation. In addition, as explained by Rosenbaum, Shin, Jones, and Tolbert (2010), community nursing environment sometimes requires personal assistance to some clients in difficult organizations such as police stations. Community nursing work environment requires compassion, especially where there is a need to assist the poor client. As indicated by Mohsen (2013), community nursing work environment requires the nursing practitioner to develop a strategy on how to assist the patient to improve on their poor health conditions. Moreover, as cited by Dee and Bridget (2015), community health sometimes encounters hostility within the community and this requires a proper way of handling clients within these environments. This does not contradict a similar study by Goodman, Bunnell, and Posner (2014) that indicate the need to cope up with hostility within the community nursing environment. To add to this environment, Srivastava, Singh, Montagu and Bhattacharyya (2017) also show the hostility as a form of the cultural environment that forms part of the community nursing working environment. One of the strategies used within the community nursing work environment includes negotiating working environments with clients mostly on the reduction of poor health conditions. Demand for community nursing There is high demand for community nursing practitioners as indicated by Chokshi et al (2016) when exploring the need for nursing practitioners. Studies indicate that there is high demand for community health within Australia and throughout the world. According to World Health Organization (2010), there are many factors that are driving the increasing demand for community nursing specialty. One of these factors, as explained by the author, include increasing nursing workloads make the community nursing overwhelmed with community health needs. MCHIP India's Reproductive et al (2014) explain the scenarios in the community nursing that drives such as high demand for community nurse and increasing demand for the services drives the need for more community nursing practitioners. A study conducted by World Health Organization (2017) show interplay of factors that are drivers for high-end demand for more community nursing practitioners. Moreover, the Capable theory explains the complexity o f needs that are driving the demand for more community nursing practitioners. According to this theory, good community nursing practice is grounded on an evidence-based practice that helps improve the quality of nursing practice reducing nursing workloads. Nursing academic pathways Community nursing pathways require various professional qualifications that include educational background. According to Ball (2017), community nursing professional pathways normally requires completion of four-year bachelors degree in nursing. This is similar to another professional framework set that requires completion of community health degree program. Farsi, Dehghan-Nayeri, Negarandeh, and Broomand (2010) explains that party also include personal volunteer for community health service while still study community nursing. Tradition community setting is good for community nursing and this together with the college assist students find placement once academic completion of the degree. As indicated by Benner theory community nursing requires skill development to be effective in the health community. According to this theory, community nursing entails developing knowledge and skills in the practical aspect of community health (Briton, 2017). Further studies of community nursing include many different nursing options and public health options. Community nursing pathways climax by some nursing practitioners studying masters degree in community health with a specialty in public health. Another pathways option also includes study master of public health with health promotion option. As cited by National Rural Health Mission et al (2011), high demand for community nursing or health professional, in general, is also driving the need to further study in community nursing. To this effect, there are many different scholarships available for community nursing practitioners to peruse further education. Some of these scholarships include AACN Nursing Scholarship Fund, The Gates Millennium Scholars Program and Hispanic Heritage Youth Awards. Considering practicing as a registered nurse requires various steps to follow as outlined by MOHFW Indian Public Health Standards (2012). According to World Health Organization (2017), passing NCLEX-RN examination allow the nursing practitioner start practicing nursing within the community. Boards of nursing (BONs) and regulatory bodies (RBs) sets the requirement for practicing nurse to obtain a license and become register nurse. Conclusively, Srivastava, Singh, Montagu and Bhattacharyya (2017) explain that community nursing courses obtain accreditation from Accreditation Commission for Education in Nursing (ACEN). Upon completion of NCLEX-RN, the nursing board evaluates and approves the result of the examination to ascertain qualifications. Professional organizations There are many different professional bodies that support community nursing in Australia. Professional bodies that support community nursing can be categorized into the national and international level. Some of the national level nursing professional bodies include Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA), Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), and Nursing Practitioners NPs. Firstly, Wilson et al., (2012) explain the nature and role of the nursing council in Australia. Australia Nursing Council is a professional body that draws its membership from nurses and nursing education. The organization was formed under Nursing and Midwifery Board of Australia (NMBA) Act of 1947 to include both practicing nurses in public and private sector of Australia. The nursing council is divided based on various states and operate at the state level. Secondly, Australian Nurses Association (ANA) is another professional body formed registered nurses of Australia. The organization is formed by a registered nurse and those practicing at the community nursing level. As listed by Briton (2017), Australia Nurses Association (ANA) play a significant role in organizing various nurse strikes across Australia to push for various agenda. At the international nursing level, professional bodies include International Nursing Council is another professional nursing body that includes those working with national nursing professional bodies to foster community nursing. The body was instituted in 1899 with a focus to connect all nursing professionals throughout the world. The main objective of the nursing body is to reduce discriminations among the nursing professionals. Secondly, according to World Health Organization (2014), Red Cross Society is another important nursing professional body task to assist community nursing practitioners in the course of work. Thirdly, the World Health Organization is another professional body that also supports community nursing to carry out community healthcare. World Health Organization was formed in 1948 with the main focus on high community health for all people internationally and at the national level. Conclusion In conclusion, community nursing plays an important role in community health and requires professional qualifications. Community nursing as a profession ensures that community health is up-to-date information on all the necessary health practices. Moreover, community nursing has experienced high nursing workloads increasing the demand for more nursing practitioners to help improve the quality of health in the community. Community nursing as a professional requires study of bachelors degree in nursing, public health and community health that is approved. Community nursing requires an individual nurse practitioner to be registered in Australia. There are many different professional organizations that support community nursing at the national level and at the international level. Recommendations In light for all the literature findings, there are some recommendations that need to be used to improve community nursing profession. Firstly, there is need to increase enroll more nursing professionals into community nursing due to the high demand for community nurses. The community nursing as a profession has few practitioners that are overwhelm with high nursing workloads and this need more practitioners. Secondly, professional bodies need to create awareness for importance of community nursing as a way to improve the community nursing environment. More health promotion with focus of on the importance community nursing will help attract more health practitioners into the community nursing career pathways hence reducing the nursing workloads. Community health awareness campaigns also serves to create a more conducive environment for practitioners coupled with high dignity for community nursing practitioners within the community. References Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) (2014). Australian Health Survey: National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health Measures Survey 201213. Canberra: ABS Ball, J. (2017). Demands on community nurse mentors: Are new models for practice necessary? British Journal of Community Nursing, Volume 22, Issue 10, pp 504510 Briton, H. (2017). What are community nurses experiences of assessing frailty and assisting in planning subsequent interventions? British Journal of Community Nursing, Volume 22, Issue 9 Chokshi, M. Patil, B. Khanna, R. Neogi, S. B. Sharma, J. Paul, V. K. and Zodpey, S. (2016). Health systems in India. Journal of Perinatology, 36(Suppl 3): S9S12. David, J.J.T., Laoingco, J.R.C. (2017). Awareness of Community Health Nurses on and Relevance of Global Health Competencies. i-manager's Journal of Nursing, 7(1), 16-22. Dee, C. Bridget, J. (2015). Development of a questionnaire to measure the key attributes of the community palliative care specialist nurse role. International Journal of Palliative Nursing, Volume 21, Issue 2 Farsi, Z., Dehghan-Nayeri, N., Negarandeh, R, Broomand, S. (2010). Nursing profession in Iran: an overview of opportunities and challenges. Japanese Journal of Nursing Science, 7(1):918. Goodman, R.A., Bunnell, R. Posner S.F. (October 2014). What is "community health"? Examining the meaning of an evolving field in public health. Preventive Medicine, 67 Suppl 1: S5861. Jilani, A.Z., Azhar, G.S., Jilani, N.Z. Siddiqui A.A. (2009). Private providers of Healthcare in India: A policy analysis. The Internet Journal of Third World Medicine, Volume 8 Kumar, et al (2011). Financing Healthcare for All: Challenges and Opportunities, the Lancet; 377: 668679 MOHFW Indian Public Health Standards (2012). Revised guidelines New Delhi Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India. Available at: https://nrhm.gov.in/nhm/nrhm/guidelines/indian-public-health-standards.html (accessed on 3 April 2016). MCHIP India's Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child, and Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A) Strategy-A Case of Extraordinary Government Leadership. The Maternal and Child Health Integrated Program (MCHIP), USAID 2014. Mohsen, A.H., (2013).Nurses Role in the Community. Nursing and Midwifery Stud, v.2(2) National Rural Health Mission, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Government of India. Child Health Division, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (2011). Human resources for health. Available at: UHC-india.org/reports/hleg_report_chapter_4.pdf (accessed on 21 August 2016). Nic P.CA, et al., (2010). The role of the public health nurse in a changing society. Journal of Advanced Nursing 66(4):74352. Phyllis, M. (2009). Community Health Nursing. American Journal of Nursing, Vol.109, p.19. Putra, A., Petpichetchian, W. Maneewat, K. (2011). Public Health Nurses' Roles and Competencies in Disaster Management. Nurse Media J Nurs.1:114. Rosenbaum, S., Shin, P., Jones, E. Tolbert, J. (2010). Community Health Centers: Opportunities and Challenges for Health Reform. Health Sciences Research Commons. Srivastava, A., Singh, D., Montagu, D. Bhattacharyya, S. (2017). Putting women at the center: a review of Indian policy to address person-centered care in maternal and newborn health, family planning and abortion. BMC Public Health, 2017 Jul 14;18(1):20. doi: 10.1186/s12889-017-4575-2. Wilson, L., et al., (2012). Global Health Competencies for Nurses in the Americas. Journal of Professional Nursing, 28, (4): pp.213-222. World Health Organization, (2010). The involvement of nurses and midwives in screening and brief interventions for hazardous and harmful use of alcohol and other psychoactive substances. Available from: WHO/HRH/HPN/10-6. World Health Organization, (2017). Enhancing the role of community health nursing for universal health coverage. Human Resources for Health Observer - Issue No. 18

Ten Best Cds Of 1992 free essay sample

1. More Noise and Other Disturbances The Mighty iMighty Bosstones (Taang!) The odd concoction of ska, pop and hard-core grabs you and brings you into a plaid dimension of omnipotence. 2. A Picture of Nectar Phish (Elektra) With odd lyrics speaking of a virile dissector and the family berzerker, Phish confuses you into a state that becomes quite comforting with their funk bass grooves and their melodic hippie-esque harmonies. Youll want to crunch along. 3. Check Your Head The Beastie Boys (Capital) Not as impressive as Pauls Boutique and not as sing-a-long-able as Licensed to Ill the Beastie Boys third adventure goes back to the roots using real instruments while mastering the art of sampling. 4. Honeys Dead The Jesus And Mary Chain (Def American) Most of the grim tales told by the Chain will have you reaping death on others as well as yourself, but you become quickly enlightened with their happy pop numbers that have you singing their songs as you pick flowers in the autumns dew. We will write a custom essay sample on Ten Best Cds Of 1992 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 5. Psalm 69 Ministry (Sire/Warner Bros.) The anger generated by this industrial mayhem coup has you lacing up your Doc Martens and moshing with anything in sight (i.e. your couch or younger brother) and then you turn it off and question your sanity. 6. Weak Seaweed (Sub Pop) Not Nirvana, not Pearl Jam, not Soundgarden, not even Mudhoney, Seaweed is Seattles finest band. They destroy the definition of grunge and build new boundaries with tunes you hum to and slam to. 7. Hit to Death in the Future Head The Flaming Lips (Warner Bros.) What is this? I keep replaying it and replaying it and replaying it to search for this ultimate truth. I still havent found the answer. An enjoyable blend of fusion guitars, sitars and samplers to name a few oddities of this enigma. 8. Apollo 18 They Might Be Giants (Elektra) I love these guys. After accepting the eclectic abilities of these two geniuses, I have found their mesh of accordions and french horns with pop music can produce a wondrous noise. 9. Slanted and Enchanted Pavement (Matador) This is what R.E.M.s Automatic for the People should have sounded like. It is a perfect collection of alternative rock that will make you say, This is good stuff. 10. Hotwired Soup Dragons (Big Life/Mercury) My friends say, I dont like this album, it all sounds the same. Exactly. The Soup Dragons take an album and make one long song. And its a great song. HONORABLE MENTION: Dirty Sonic Youth (DGC) What to do about Them Swirlies (Taang!) Cracker Cracker (Virgin) The Predator Ice Cube (Priority) Daisychain Reaction Poster Children (Sire) n

Mediation and Advocacy Integration of mediation and advocacy within a human services agency

Through exploring information from different sources to find the underlying idea that is connecting the sources and the availability of information Pertaining current trends though advocacy and mediation in the human services agencies. Therefore, my prime objective is to review various spectrums of mediation and advocacy to the human services and provide knowledgeable understanding of the positive impact of integration.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Mediation and Advocacy: Integration of mediation and advocacy within a human services agency specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To begin with, the definition of mediation refers to an act of a neutral third party who enters into negotiations with two or more conflicting parties. The aim of the mediator is find ways of initiating dialogue hence enhancing communication. This is done by trying to come up with an agreement or conclusion over a conflict existing between th e parties (Barsky2007). To advocate is to work on behalf of a Client in solving of cases. The advocate tries to foster a different type of relationship or employ Strategies that are likely to be appropriate depending on the issue at hand (Barsky2000). Human services agencies refer to organizations whose objective is to assist individuals improve the quality of their lives. The aim of advocates is to meet the need of the individuals though advocating for them where necessary. Advocacy and mediation are integrated into different dimensions of the human Services, it is within a human service agency on a national or international level that requires an individual who is ethical, knowledgeable, open-minded and understanding. This individual has a clearly defined stance for personal beliefs in an organization while advocating for Individuals depend on mediators. Hence advocates enlighten them of their rights and protection in order for them to seek justice where necessary. Many people pre fer advocate’s assistance due to their lack of knowledge of laws and procedures to be followed when seeking for justice and protection. The means of communication at this stage are advocated and mediated on to ensure that the relationship between parties remains intact, and solutions to their grievances are accepted by the both parties (The Association of Attorney-Mediators, 2001). This makes sure that the solution agreed upon by the conflicting parties in the presence of the mediator is respected. Therefore, my opinion is that mediation and advocacy is crucial in numerous dimensions and to be specific in the human service field. There are various conflicts that could not be resolved if somebody did not intervene to mediate. Many individuals’ rights could have been obliged, and not even an ounce of justice extended to those who deserve it in various situations.Advertising Looking for essay on communication strategies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first p aper with 15% OFF Learn More In accordance to that a win-win situation can be established in various fields, for example, in parenthood, the National Casa Association is an organization that provides volunteers to assist the abused and neglected children. Besides, if it were not for mediation between the officials in other states, planning for Parenthood could become none exist. Victim Offender Mediation Association (VOMA) is a program that allows the person who offends others to come face to face with their victim. Trained mediators bring together the conflicting parties together to discuss along with family and friends. In the meeting, they discuss the effects of the crime committed also find a mutual plan to compensate the victim for the losses suffered due to the crime. Conclusively, this integration of advocacy and mediation has led to the general contribution of the wellness of human service agencies. This has enabled many individuals who take actions of seeking for a dvocates to protect their rights. It has also helped to resolve conflicts in the society through mediators, where by preventing the worst case scenarios. Works Cited Barsky, Allen. E. Conflict Resolution for the Helping Professions. Belmont: Wadsworth.2007.Print. The Association of Attorney-Mediators. Association of Attorney-Mediators Ethical Guidelines for Mediators. 2001. Web.1 December 2011. This essay on Mediation and Advocacy: Integration of mediation and advocacy within a human services agency was written and submitted by user Sarah Watson to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)- English Literature Essay (100 Level Course)

Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)- English Literature Essay (100 Level Course) Free Online Research Papers Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)- English Literature Essay (100 Level Course) Chaucer was born in London, probably about 1340. The son of a well-to-do wine merchant, he had the opportunity of coming into contact with the new merchant class. In 1357 he entered the household of the Duke of Clarence’s wife, thus coming to move in Court circles as well. At the age of nineteen he took part in the Hundred Years’ War, was per haps taken prisoner by the French and then ransomed by King Edward III. Back in England, he returned to service at Court. He was often sent abroad on diplomatic missions and also visited Italy, where he probably met Petrarch and Boccaccio and read some Dante. He sat in Parliament as the representative of Kent. The many ups and downs of his life never prevented him from writing. He died in 1400 and was the first poet to be buried in Poets’ Corner in Westminster Abbey. Chaucer’s literary production is usually divided into three periods: (in imitation of the French) Le Roman de la Rose, an unfinished translation of the French allegorical poem by Guillaume de Lorris and Jean de Meung. The Book of the Duchess, an allegorical lament on the death of John of Gaunt’s first wife. (mostly under Italian and Latin influence) Troilus and Criseyde, from Boccaccio’s Filostrato. - The House of Fame, for which he was partly indebted to Dante and Ovid. The Legend of Good Women, made up of an allegorical prologue and nine stories of women, for which he was indebted to Ovid’s Hero ides. - The Parliament of Fowls, rich in comic spirit. (also called the English Period) The Canterbury Tales, although some of the tales later introduced into the work had been written earlier. Chaucer was certainly the right man at the right time. His contacts at Court, his diplomatic missions abroad, his frequent journeys throughout England, as well as his experience in the newly formed Parliament gave him the opportunity to meet many kinds of people: nobles, churchmen, merchants, students, commoners, each belonging to a precise social class or profession. As for Eng land itself, it had finally developed into a united, self-confident and highly patriotic nation. When he realized that his country was ready for a literature of its own, he decided to write a work in English (that is to say Middle English), which could be understood by anybody, learned or unlettered, who read or heard it.1 His initial idea was certainly to write a collection of tales, as the title suggests. Writing tales, however, was fashionable at the time, especially after the French and Italian models which looked back in turn to ancient Greece and Rome. But Chaucer probably had another purpose in mind: he wanted to give his countrymen a hook that would be a true mirror of England and in which they could really recognize themselves. So when he began his masterpiece (probably in 1387) he turned for inspiration to the many people he had met during his life and whose images he had stored in his memory for years. He nevertheless needed a framework in which to insert them, and once more he turned to his European culture for help. He probably remembered Boccaccio’s Decameron, and found here the idea of a social event as a pretext for bringing various people together. This event, however, was to be typically English, so he thought that the traditional annual pilgrimage to Canterbury would certainly be the best setting for his characters. He therefore imagined that, one April day in the Tabard Inn at Southwark in London, twenty-nine pilgrims met before setting out on a pilgrimage to the shrine of St. Thomas Becket at Canterbury. The host of the Inn, Harry Bailly, offered his services as guide and suggested that each pilgrim should tell two stories on the way to Canterbury and two on the way back. Chaucer himself was invited to join the company, as we learn from the opening lines of the poem. Research Papers on Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400)- English Literature Essay (100 Level Course)Quebec and CanadaThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 Europe19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraMind TravelStandardized TestingAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2The Fifth HorsemanPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married Males

Nazi Education System Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nazi Education System - Research Paper Example As the report stresses Curriculum is the totality of learning and teaching experiences by students and teachers respectively so that the students can attain skills and knowledge at schools and a variety of learning sites. This can be expanded to incorporate technological advancement, which is included in the learning sites. A curriculum in a school setting is designed to cover the subjects being offered. Each of the individual subjects has objectives, expectations, assignments, and deadline to be accomplished by the teachers and students. According to the discussion findings the Nazi schools were traditionally organized as they continued the secondary and primary education system in German. Further, the Nazi German maintained the Party schools in order to teach and train students Nazi ideologies. There existed specialized Party schools for certain students. The Nazi Curriculum was structured to fit different learning ages. There are total of ten stages through which students pass. Each stage has to learn four areas of education namely German, Mathematics, Sciences, and History. The first stage is identified as the Foundation stage. In the foundation stage, German strands include language, literature, and literacy. In mathematics, students are to learn understanding, fluency, problem solving, and reasoning. Science has three strands: science understanding, inquiry skills, and science as a human endeavor. In history, students learn about their own history and that of their families. These main areas of study continue in years 1 through 10. Because of the differences in the ages and levels of cognitive development, the content is improved as one move from one level to the next. Level 10a is the last level identified in the curriculum and involves learning of mathematics in particular. Here, students learn real numbers, patterns, algebra, linear and non-linear relationships, geometry, and trigonometry among many other core topics of mathematics. The structure of the Nazi educational system aimed to fulfill political demands of the Nazi government since it aimed to teach students anti-Semitic, xenophobic, and authoritarian ideas3. Support for teaching of science practices in school Changing attitudes of educators and community leaders was a critical challenge to the Nazi education system. Educators and others can easily

When should we discard explanations that are intuitively appealing Essay

When should we discard explanations that are intuitively appealing - Essay Example Intuition is right in most of other times, though. The dilemma comes in knowing when to actually accept this reasoning based purely on feeling, otherwise called ‘guts’, or to just ignore it and go for the hard facts. Thus, there is a question whether we should discard explanations that are intuitively appealing or not. According to Gillman, in his book of luck, he speaks of intuition being in support of reason and without working against reason at all (20). In saying so, we can choose to retain explanations that are intuitively appealing. There have been cases where intuition has proved to be the friend of reason but still it falls short of what it actually is. Intuitive Attitudes and feelings: attitudes and feelings that are innate are able to create a quite reliable trend of behavior. They are able to forecast a way in which a person will behave at a later time in the future; the analyzed attitudes. However, when a person is asked to examine his/her attitudes before displaying them then this won’t foretell his/her ensuing behavior. They will consciously examine him/her ruling out the intuitive factor. Comprehending Personality Traits: Human beings do not fall short when it comes to social intelligence; instead, they have a tremendous amount of this. For instance, if people were shown short clips of teachers in a class, it is likely that their evaluations would be somewhat similar, based on their intuition, to those of the teacher’s actual students. Instantaneous appraisals of a person’s characters are, thus, usually proved true, therefore, making them as good as the long-term impressions. Intuition and being in touch with our own bodies: Intuition, being an emotional reaction, is usually an expression of what our bodies are experiencing or otherwise feeling. This makes them a firsthand expression of what is actually happening to us, quite believable. It is usually the mind which is in sync with the body by

Help to choose a topic Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Help to choose a topic - Assignment Example The article especially draws on the benefits of using dogs in the animal assisted therapy, which as animals are arguably the most faithful in nature. The article contains very useful information that the college counselors can avail to improve the quality and effectiveness of their counseling services over the depressed college students in particular and outside the college in general. I picked this article firstly because it was recently published, and secondly because the results of the research cited in the article were drawn from a credible and reliable source i.e. Georgia State University. Thirdly, I chose this article because it contains very interesting and useful information about the effects of animal assisted therapy on the college going students. This article is particularly useful because many college students already have dogs as their pets, so they can better identify with and rely upon the information provided in the

The Blocking of Viber in Saudi Arabia

The Blocking of Viber in Saudi Arabia Mansour Alaithan Ali alakalifa INTRODUCTION What’s Viber ? Viber  is a app for instant messaging  also for Voice over IP  (VoIP) for smart phones  owned by Viber Media. Not only voice messaging but also users able send and receive images, video and audio media messages, Viber was founded by four  Israeli partners and they are Talmon Marco, Igor Megzinik, Sani Maroli and Ofer Smocha. Viber Mediais registered as a Cyprus company in  Las Vegas  and its development centers located in Belarus  and  Israel. The foundeders of the company are Talmon Marco  and Igor Megzinik, who are friends from the  Israel Defense Forces. The company is running from Israel, with lot of the app’s developments outsourced to Belarus in order to lower labor-costs. It was founded in 2010, with the four Israeli co-owner of the company who have each increased their exploitation by more than 30 times on the startups $900 million sale to  Rakuten. What happened? In March Saudi government have warned encrypted messaging services like Viber and others that would be blocked if they don’t provided a means to be monitored. The head manager Marco had refused to provide the requested data to Saudi officials. It was expected that Vibers free voice calls and text messaging service is no longer working in Saudi Arabia is not entirely unexpected. Telecoms regulator of Saudi Arabia had warned them also warned Skype and WhatsApp .they would be blocked if they did not provide the date requested . Saudis and expatriates that lives in Saudi Arabia were prompted by this warning to protest against this move. Others started to censor their messages, in case they were already being monitored. The head manager told BBC that Saudi IPS and mobile operator begun to asking for information about the internal workings of the service a couple of months ago of that time . Circumventing the problem: Marco said Viber had faced the same problem of blocking the app in other county. There, he said he believed the motive was political, but in Saudi Arabia it was unclear whether commercial interests might also be at stake. Marco ( the head of the messaging application) Viber has said people in Saudi Arabia have had basic freedoms taken away, after his service was blocked there. So we face here a freedom of speech problem . The head manager Marco told the BBC he did not know the reason for the move, but that Viber would be restored soon. So this problem rises couple of question, like what is the meaning of freedom of speech, what are the limits and law in Saudi Arabia, and what the ethical issue did Viber rises by not providing information. what is the meaning of freedom of speech Freedom of speechis the civil right to connect ones opinions and ideas. The word freedom of expressionis occasionally used synonymously, but contains any act of seeking, getting and telling information or ideas, nevertheless the medium used. Rules restrict speech with varying limits. Common limits on speech relate to slander, libel,  obscenity,  sedition,  pornography, incitement,  fighting words,  classified information,  hate speech,  copyright violation,  trade secrets,  non-disclosure agreements,  right to be forgotten,  right to privacy, public security,  public nuisance,  public order, campaign finance reform  and  oppression. Whether these limits can be defensible under the harmbe contingent upon whether manipulating a third partys opinions or activities harmfully to the second party founds such harm or not. The words offense principle is also usedto grow the range of free speech limits to forbid forms of expression where they are measured offensive to people, different interest groups or persons. For example, freedom of speech is limited in many rules to broadly different grades bysystems, religiousor  incitement to ethnic or racial hatredrules. Privacy Privacy is the gift of an individual or group to separate themselves, or information about themselves, and thereby definite themselves selectively. The limits and content of what is measured private vary among cultures and individuals, but share common themes. When something is private to a person, it usually means that something is integrally special or sensitive to them. The domain of privacy partly overlays security, which can include the ideas of appropriate use, as well as defense of information. Privacy may also take the procedure of bodily integrity. The right not to be subjected to illegal invasion of privacy by the government, businesses or individuals is part of many countries privacy laws, and in some cases, compositions. Almost all countries have laws which in some way bound privacy. An example of this would be law concerning assessment, which normally require the distribution of information about personal income or earnings. In some countries individual privacy may clash with freedom of speech laws and some laws may need public expose of information which would be measured private in other countries and cultures. Privacy may be willingly sacrificed, normally in exchange for professed benefits and very often with exact dangers and losses, while this is a very strategic view of human relations. In the business world, a person may agree personal details (frequently for advertising purposes) in order to bet on winning a prize. Private information which is voluntarily shared but then stolen or misused can chief to identity theft. what are the limits and law in Saudi Arabia Human rights in Saudi Arabia are proposed to be created on the Hanbali Islamic religious laws under complete rule of the Saudi royal family. Saudi Arabia has a Counter-Radicalization Program the drive of which is to fight the spread and appeal of intemperate beliefs among the general populous and to impart the true values of the Islamic faith, such as tolerance and moderation. This tolerance and control has been termed into problem by The Baltimore Sun, based on the reports from Amnesty International regarding Raif Badawi. Speech, the press and other methods of communicative media, containing television and radio broadcasting and Internet reception, are actively censored by the government to prevent political opposition and anything deemed, by the government, to be offensive to the Wahhabi culture or Islamic morality. In 2008, a noticeable Saudi blogger and reformist Fouad al-Farhan was caged for posting comments online that were dangerous of Saudi business, religious and media figures, signifying a move by the government to step up its censorship polices of the Internet within its limits. Online social media has progressively come under government search for dealing with the forbidden topics. In 2010 a Saudi man was punished and given jail time for his sexually suggestive YouTube video making. That same year another man was also caged and ordered to pay a fine for arrogant about his sex life on television. And there is a lot of other examples happened with similar problems. It show that the low in Saudi Arabia does not tolerate any action that against the religion or the security of the country in anyway and allowing a free call like Viber and other that share tons of information without being monitor by the government is can cause an infringement of the rules in Saudi Arabia . That’s add a pros to the Saudi Arabia side that they have a right to ask for information. It’s the country rights to track down and search for crimes and protect the religions lows. But still one problem is the privacy of the people and that’s a pros in Viber side. So how this issue is unethical to privacy and what are the limits and the concept of privacy in Saudi Arabia Privacy in Saudi Arabia Data Safety under Shariah Values Shariah ethics protect each individual’s right to privacy and forbid any assaults thereon. In Shariah principles, revelation of secrets is forbidden except inter alia where the owner of the relevant secret agrees to such confession or if the public attention requires so. The Holy Qu’ran and the Sunnah do not specify a consequence for revelation of secrets; however, as clarified above, such release may be punishable by a value that a judge, in his discretion, deems right and fair. Such consequence may include a fine, imprisonment or scarcity of certain rights such as suspension of a practicing license. Data Protection under Saudi Arabian Law In general, there is no exact data protection law in KSA. Therefore, in the absence of specific necessities on data protection, Saudi Arabian courts and adjudicatory bodies will understand data privacy abuses under general Shariah principles, which are, as described above, often sent in general terms and afford courts and adjudicatory bodies huge discretion. We understand, however, that a new individual data protection law is under review by the Shura Council Discussions and Recommendations The Saudi government should have the right to protect its people and the whole system. Meanwhile the Viber wants to give the privacy to its user which is what people needs. Saudi Arabia follows the Shariah which proved the privacy to people , and that why it should and not block it just to monitor the users private message in KSA , and by return it and unblock the service , they’ve done the right thing . Conclusions Saudi Arabia tried to provide the security to people but did not puts in count the other basic fundamental right which is providing privacy to people. References: http://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-22806848 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viber#Company http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_Saudi_Arabia#Freedom_of_press_and_communication Data Protection in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: A Primer Noor Al-Fawzan and Omar Elsayed

Information on Oak Trees

Oaks are among the hardiest of hardwood trees and over time can become large shade trees. These trees are popular for their size, long life and beautiful fall colors, but be prepared to wait many years for this grandeur if planting a seedling. Oaks can live and grow for hundreds of years. Attention to soil conditions, diseases and other factors can lead to long-living, beautiful trees. Deciduous Oaks Among the most common oaks are white, red and pin oaks. These types are deciduous, meaning leaves change color and fall from branches in autumn. The leaves of oaks distinguish between the types. White, pin and red oaks all exhibit lobed leaves that branch off in a half-dozen or more appendages. White oaks possess rounded lobes on leaves that are green in spring and summer and change to bright red come fall. Because of their large size when fully grown, white oaks are a popular shade tree. Red and pin oaks have leaves with pointed lobes and follow similar seasonal color patterns to the white oak. Branches tend to droop lower on pin oaks than on red oaks, making the pin a bad choice for growing near streets and sidewalks because of possible obstructions. The red oak tends to be sturdier and more tolerant of city pollutants. Live Oaks Live oaks are the odd men out in the oak family. These trees produce evergreen leaves that are broad without lobes. The foliage is bright green, and the trees are known for abundant shade and do well in cold climates. Planting and Care Pick a spot not too crowded where the tree will have room to branch out. Measure the distance from the soil surface to the bottom of the container or soil ball containing the tree, then dig a hole a little shallower than that distance. Make sure the hole is about three times as wide as the pot or tree ball. After placing the tree in the hole, fill the depression in with loosely packed soil, leaving a mound near the base of the plant. Newly planted trees will need good soakings every four days or so in warmer months for the first year for best results. Anthracnose Anthracnose is a common disease among oaks through which fungi cause defoliation. The best way to fight this disease is to prevent it in the first place. For smaller oaks, spray with fungicide in the spring to prevent unwanted growth. If trees become infected, immediately rake up any affected leaves for disposal. Prune and burn any dead twigs and branches. Then treat with fungicide. Products of the Oak Tree The hardness of oak makes it a popular lumber for construction and furniture production. Its rich tones make for attractive tables, shelves, moldings and trim. As a member of the hardwood family, oak also can be used in the smoking and grilling of food. Natural oak-based lump charcoal is a favorite among grilling purists.

Why to be a chemical engineer

An individual should take on chemical engineering due to requirement of diverse knowledge, the striving to better them self, and to increase their potential. In the diverse knowledge column, there are a set of base standards one has to meet. To prepare for such a high paying and Incredible Job, the applicant must have a â€Å"Bachelor's degree In chemical engineering for entry-level; masters or doctoral degree for advanced positions†. (n. Page. With this education one must have, the applicant can really be a dependable to the company's success and can be prone to raises, extra jobs and many opportunities to go deeper in their occupation. When preparing to look into actually becoming and pursuing the occupation of a chemical engineer, applicants are safe under the studies and modern statistics about supply and demand of the occupation Itself. On a Job outlook done by the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the statistics stated, â€Å"Demand for chemical engineers' services depends la rgely on demand for the products of various manufacturing industries. (n. Page) To penetrate the demand and supply to a deeper extent, chemical engineering has a shining virtue in the statistics column, there is a 2% unemployment in the engineering fields, yet there are jobs that [not taken]. pig. 2) Also In the preparation portion, advice along with a Job notice states the following preparation for an applicant. â€Å"Be prepared to work In areas of â€Å"blended engineering† where chemical engineering principles walk hand in hand with mechanical, civil, electrical, and/or industrial engineering.Be willing to diversify because you will excel. † (pig. 2) Preparation for this Job is quite simple due to the consistent stated postulate of the job being blended and diversified with other engineering types. If an applicant should ever wonder why the occupation is blended, an actual account of a chemical efferent Job sectors that a chemical engineer can fit into. It is impor tant to do your homework and identify what your interests are up front. You can waste a lot of time and effort if you are taking a shotgun approach.If you are interested in a certain sector or a certain geographic area, you're better off to expend your energies on those Jobs. † With the blend of other engineering occupations, the choice of chemical engineering could benefit a possible applicant by strengthening the weaknesses in parts of their knowledge that are lacking. This blend leads to discipline in the occupation to better the applicant. Not only could this blend draw out discipline in the occupation, but could also strengthen personal and social issues one could have.An engineer with personal experience in these categories advices applicants by stating, â€Å"Work with others it varies from Job to Job, probably from about a 3 Tao 10. Accept criticism. But this is a life issue, not an engineering issue. â€Å"(n. Page) With actual experience and not statistics with stu dies, this valuable advice could prepare an applicant to be disciplined in a different category than engineering itself, therefore, expanding their diversity of knowledge and interaction. These could truly be attributes an applicant would want to desire even if they didn't decide to pursue chemical engineering.In chemical engineering, an applicant would not only want to submerse themselves in complete knowledge of chemical engineering, but also in learning qualifications that could get them noticed and hired. To be a chemical engineer, an applicant should not be only strong in the occupation itself, but also in their interaction and sociability. A chemical engineer informs a group of applicants by stating, â€Å"A lot of my work is team-oriented. I work with a few other people and we all upend on each other to bring certain results or knowledge to the group as a whole so that we can accomplish our overall goal. (n. Page) By having interactive qualities, it is clear and also postula ted that one cannot be an introverted person when looking to get hired. By actual accounts of a chemical engineer, he postulates and informs applicants that, â€Å"All engineers must at some point (if not nearly always) work as part of a group or team, and all engineers must be able to communicate the results of their work – to their peers, supervisors, upper management, subordinates, and the outside world. You could have the most wonderful idea, but if you can't convince others of its merit, your idea will die on the vine. (n. Page. ) With the plethora ideas and accounts of the social and interactive aspects, applicants most likely will look to improve on speaking or getting a certain point or idea across. More information and advice from a group of engineers concludes the interaction and speaking qualities by advising applicants, â€Å"The key, which many engineers and scientists Just don't realize, is not to dazzle the audience with technophobia, but to be as clear, conc ise, and to he point as possible. The hardest thing for many engineers to do is get to the point. This information and advice that is given could strike the desire to expand interactive qualities. Companies are not only looking for social and interactive people, but also responsible applicants. An account of an experienced chemical engineer gives his personal point of view by inferring, â€Å"l would believe that I was hired because I tend to take on lots of responsibility. † An applicant could have all the qualities required to be hired, except for the drawback of irresponsibility. While an individual could be the ND with a high probability not want an irresponsible chemical engineer to be staffed with.If an applicant were to search for a generally high paying Job, they would most likely find that outside of chemical engineering, requirements could possibly appear unreasonable and very rigorous to go through. On a Job that medians at $187,000 per year such as a medical docto r, the requirements would most likely be postulated to be longer, and more rigorous than those of chemical engineering. Statistics and accounts done by Education Portal exemplify requirements of a medical doctor by dating, â€Å"Completing a bachelor's degree program is necessary to prepare prospective doctors to enter medical school. † (n. Page. After accomplishing a bachelor's degree, which takes 4 years of college, the student must proceed to 4 years of medical school. The same education portal informs their audience, â€Å"Medical school consists of four years of medical training and education†¦ The first two years of a prospective doctor's medical school experience are devoted to book study and laboratory work to prepare students for diagnosing and treating illnesses. During the second year of med school, dents take the first portion of the United States Medical Licensing Examination, which is administered by the National Board of Medical Examiners. After these two years of rigorous training and examination, the portal informs students, â€Å"During the last two years of medical school, students begin their clinical experience, going through rotations at clinics and hospitals. Students work under attending physicians to begin their practical training in medicine. † (n. Page) In a total of 8 years of college, which could lead to financial problems, the student would fill the requirements of being a medical doctor. If a graduated high school student were to pick to pursue chemical engineering, they have the possibility and are potentially able to earn Just as much with less requirements.A popular career guidance center informs students, â€Å"A Bachelor of Science degree in chemical engineering is the most common entry- level requirement for Chemical Engineers. † With only 4 years of college and only in the science portion, a chemical engineer has a potential to earn â€Å"$1 1 5,000 or more† (n. Page) per year. With this s alary potential, money spent on college and time is saved to better the encouragement in actually pursuing the occupation of chemical engineering. Leading up to this well-rounded occupation includes many opportunities for experience, life benefits, and a very comfortable potential salary.In the experience column, many encounters by actual chemical engineers advise students, â€Å"Consider participating in an internship with an engineering firm while in college. Most internships are part of a four-year degree program. It will offer you a chance to apply what you have learned in the classroom in an actual work situation and will give you the opportunity to network with people in the field. (n. Page) With these benefits, dents have an opportunity to not go into their occupation completely blindfolded.A career guidance program infers why chemical engineers pick their occupation by inferring, â€Å"They should enjoy making decisions and directing the work of others, as well as be willi ng to improve their knowledge and skills on an ongoing basis. † With this inference that earned positive feedback, these potential encounters could give a chemical engineer the benefits of pursuing that occupation. Life benefits would also pursuing this occupation could potentially earn an engineer â€Å"$1 1 5,000 or more† with also a stated postulate informing applicants, â€Å"it is not uncommon to have incomes ranging from $90,000 to $130,000 or more. (n. Page) This salary would not only draw out applicants who would desire money and being comfortable, but this comfortable living could also be tied in and related to life benefits and experience. To finish off the tied in topics, retirement would not be a problem financially if the certain engineer was responsible with their money. Responsibility was also an inference for qualities an applicant should have which was stated in earlier texts. Ranging from possible, achievable, comfortable, enjoyable, beneficial, and k nowledgeably wide, the occupation of chemical engineering appears to be worth the time and money spent.Salaries tying in with comfortable living can keep a chemical engineer stress free to an extent, and with interaction within the Job itself, can potentially balance personal life, with its own occupation. An actual account of a chemical engineer concludes his interview by stating, â€Å"l believe that a chemical engineer degree is great for opening doors. † This can be agreed with due to all the benefits of pursuing the career of chemical engineering stated previously. As a Heimlich engineer himself said, this great and worth-while occupation has potential to open your doors.

Social Problems essays

Social Problems essays America has seen a great amount of social change during the past few decades. From they way we eat to the way we treat our criminals to the safety of our children at school, things have definitely changed. The rash of recent school shootings is a sure sign of the breakdown in parenting and a lack of family values being taught to our children. The highly processed foods that we are eating have led to a nation, which is severely overweight and ill. The Criminal Justice system in this country is a joke; it has been shown to be biased against minorities and the poor. A guilty rich man is known as a free man, while a poor murderer is destined for years on death row. In the Kip Kinkel article we are given a view of Kips life as told by his friends and classmates. A symbolic interactionist would say that this violence is caused by a break down in the childs social structures, organizations, and culture. The main social structure to decline is that of the family. Twenty to thirty years ago the family was much stronger. There were less single parent homes and the divorce rate was lower. Since these changes have taken place, families have demised and some children have become unruly. A Structural functionalist would say that the fast food we eat serves two purposes. The first purpose, which is the manifest function, is food which is served almost as fast as it is ordered. This would be a good function of fast food, since it has been labeled fast food. The second function, or latent function of fast food, is the battle of the bulge, which many Americans are fighting due to their dependency on fast, over processed food. The food industry is interrelated with corporate America and also with poor Americans. Corporate America generally gives its workers thirty minutes to an hour to eat lunch. To get out get a bite to eat and get back to work in this time; one needs to go to a fast food restaurant. In these s...

Maria Goeppert-Mayer, Mathematician and Physicist

Maria Goeppert-Mayer, Mathematician and Physicist Maria Goeppert-Mayer Facts:   Known for:  A mathematician and physicist, Maria Goeppert Mayer was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963 for her work on the nuclear shell structure.Occupation:  mathematician, physicistDates:  June 18, 1906 - February 20, 1972Also known as:  Maria Goeppert Mayer, Maria Gà ¶ppert Mayer, Maria Gà ¶ppert Maria Goeppert-Mayer Biography: Maria Gà ¶ppert was born in 1906 in Kattowitz, then in Germany (now Katowice, Poland). Her father became a professor of pediatrics at the University at Gà ¶ttingen, and her mother was a former music teacher known for her entertaining parties for faculty members. Education With her parents support, Maria Gà ¶ppert studied mathematics and science, preparing for a university education. But there were no public schools for girls to prepare for this venture, so she enrolled in a private school. The disruption of World War I and the post-war years made study difficult and closed the private school. A year short of finishing, Gà ¶ppert nevertheless passed her entrance exams and entered in 1924. The only woman teaching at the university did so without a salary a situation with which Gà ¶ppert would become familiar in her own career. She began by studying mathematics, but the lively atmosphere as a new center of quantum mathematics, and exposure to the ideas of such greats as Niels Bohrs and Max Born, led Gà ¶ppert to switch to physics as her course in study. She continued her study, even on the death of her father, and received her doctorate in 1930. Marriage and Emigration Her mother had taken in student boarders so that the family could remain in their home, and Maria became close to Joseph E. Mayer, an American student. They married in 1930, she adopted the last name Goeppert-Mayer, and emigrated to the United States. There, Joe took up an appointment on the faculty of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, Maryland. Because of nepotism rules, Maria Goeppert-Mayer was unable to hold a paid position at the University, and instead became a volunteer associate. In this position, she could do research, received a small amount of pay, and was given a small office. She met and befriended Edward Teller, with whom shed work later. During summers, she returned to Gà ¶ttingen where she collaborated with Max Born, her former mentor. Born left Germany as that nation prepared for war, and Maria Goeppert-Mayer became a U.S. citizen in 1932. Maria and Joe had two children, Marianne and Peter. Later, Marianne became an astronomer and Peter became an assistant professor of economics. Joe Mayer next received an appointment at Columbia University. Goeppert-Mayer and her husband wrote a book together there,  Statistical Mechanics.  As at Johns Hopkins, she could not hold a paying job at Columbia, but worked informally and gave some lectures. She met Enrico Fermi, and became part of his research team still without pay. Teaching and Research When the United States went to war in 1941, Maria Goeppert-Mayer received a paid teaching appointment only part-time, at Sarah Lawrence College. She also began working part-time at Columbia Universitys Substitute Alloy Metals project a highly secret project working on separating uranium-235 to fuel nuclear fission weapons. She went several times to the top-secret Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico, where she worked with Edward Teller, Niels Bohr and Enrico Fermi. After the war, Joseph Mayer was offered a professorship at the University of Chicago, where other major nuclear physicists were also working. Once again, with nepotism rules, Maria Goeppert-Mayer could work as a voluntary (unpaid) assistant professor which she did, with Enrico Fermi, Edward Teller, and Harold Urey, also by that time on the faculty at the U. of C. Argonne and Discoveries In a few months, Goeppert-Mayer was offered a position at Argonne National Laboratory, which was managed by the University of Chicago. The position was part-time but it was paid and a real appointment: as senior researcher. At Argonne, Goeppert-Mayer worked with Edward Teller to develop a little bang theory of cosmic origin. From that work, she began working on the question of why elements that had 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82 and 126 protons or neutrons were notably stable. The model of the atom already posited that electrons moved around in shells orbiting the nucleus. Maria Goeppert-Mayer established mathematically that if the nuclear particles were spinning on their axes and orbiting within the nucleus in predictable paths that can be described as shells, these numbers would be when the shells were full and more stable than half-empty shells. Another researcher, J. H. D. Jensen of Germany, discovered the same structure at nearly the same time. He visited Goeppert-Mayer in Chicago, and over four years the two produced a book on their conclusion,  Elementary Theory of Nuclear Shell Structure,  published in 1955. San Diego In 1959, the University of California at San Diego offered full-time positions to both Joseph Mayer and Maria Goeppert-Mayer. They accepted and moved to California. Soon after, Maria Goeppert-Mayer suffered a stroke which left her unable to fully use one arm. Other health problems, especially heart problems, plagued her during her remaining years. Recognition In 1956, Maria Goeppert-Mayer was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. In 1963, Goeppert-Mayer and Jensen were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics for their shell model of the structure of the nucleus. Eugene Paul Wigner also won for work in quantum mechanics. Maria Goeppert-Mayer was thus the second woman to win the Nobel Prize for Physics (the first was Marie Curie), and the first to win it for theoretical physics. Maria Goeppert-Mayer died in 1972, after suffering a heart attack in late 1971 that left her in a coma. Print Bibliography Robert G. Sachs.  Maria Goeppert-Mayer, 1906-1972: A Biographical Memoir.  1979.Maria Goeppert-Mayer.  Statistical Mechanics. 1940.Maria Goeppert-Mayer.  Elementary Theory of Nuclear Shell Structure. 1955.Goeppert-Mayers papers are at the University of California, San Diego. Selected Maria Goeppert Mayer Quotations For a long time I have considered even the craziest ideas about atom nucleus... and suddenly I discovered the truth. Mathematics began to seem too much like puzzle solving. Physics is puzzle solving, too, but of puzzles created by nature, not by the mind of man.   On winning the Nobel Prize in Physics, 1963:  Winning the prize wasnt half as exciting as doing the work itself.

The Tradition of Judaism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

The Tradition of Judaism - Essay Example The family has a meal featuring traditional food and wine. The purpose of the ritual to remind people that when God created the Universe in seven days, He devoted a whole day to resting and so should the Jews. I learned that people who adhere to the religious tradition of Judaism tend to perform this ritual on a weekly basis, namely every sun set of Friday and up to the sun set of Saturday. As I have previously noticed, the wife is responsible for lighting up the candles and saying the blessing. Then, the father of the family says all the required prayers and the people are able to have dinner and celebrate Shabbat. It is beyond any doubt that this particular ritual preaches the need of the people to adhere to the religious tradition of Judaism and devote an entire day of the week free from daily routine and contemplating about what really matters in life, namely their relationship with God. There are different methods of praying that are used during this ritual: the words of prayers are pronounced first by the woman and then all the prayers are chanted by a man. In addition to that, people are required to direct their mind to various religious matters so that it would not stray away from the ritual. Speaking of the body placement during the Shabbat, it is a tradition to remain standing while all the major prayers and blessings are performed which shows that the people feel respect for the moment. What is really interesting is that there is a certain function reserved for women during Shabbat: they not only light up the candles but also prepare the meals for the dinner, which puts a lot of responsibility on them.

Finance problems Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Finance problems - Speech or Presentation Example What is the component cost of debt for use in the WACC calculation? Tapley Inc. recently hired you as a consultant to estimate the company’s WACC. You have obtained the following information. (1) Tapleys bonds mature in 25 years, have a 7.5% annual coupon, a par value of $1,000, and a market price of $936.49. (2) The company’s tax rate is 40%. (3) The risk-free rate is 6.0%, the market risk premium is 5.0%, and the stock’s beta is 1.5. (4) The target capital structure consists of 30% debt and 70% equity. Tapley uses the CAPM to estimate the cost of equity, and it does not expect to have to issue any new common stock. What is its WACC? Wagner Inc estimates that its average-risk projects have a WACC of 10%, its below-average risk projects have a WACC of 8%, and its above-average risk projects have a WACC of 12%. Which of the following projects (A, B, and C) should the company accept? The Nunnally Company has equal amounts of low-risk, average-risk, and high-risk projects. Nunnally estimates that its overall WACC is 12%. The CFO believes that this is the correct WACC for the company’s average-risk projects, but that a lower rate should be used for lower risk projects and a higher rate for higher risk projects. However, the CEO argues that, even though the company’s projects have different risks, the WACC used to evaluate each project should be the same because the company obtains capital for all projects from the same sources. If the CEO’s opinion is followed, what is likely to happen over time? Since according to the CEO’s opinion all projects, whether risky or non-risky, should be evaluated by using the average WACC therefore the riskier project’s cash flows would be discounted by using a lower WACC as a result the firm will accept too many risky projects. Similarly, low risk project’s cash flows would be discounted by using a higher WACC which will reject too many low-risk projects. Percy Motors has a target capital

Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Presentation - Essay Example He demonstrates this by pulling a trick on the people using himself as the test for his antidote. Through an earlier worked out plan, he gets an accomplice to provide a poisonous snake that has had its venom drawn and fakes being poisoned by the bite of this snake. He goes through the throes of poisoning, only to survive when everyone has given him up for dead. This convinces the gullible onlookers of the potency of his poison antidote and there is a rush for purchasing it. Among these gullible customers are the marines and admiral of a visiting cruiser. It is during this episode that Blacaman the Bad comes in contact with a poor boy for whom he develops a fancy, because he has a face of an idiot. He pays the father of the boy and takes him under his wing. From then on the boy is a part of the fancy world of deceiving gullible people, assisting his mentor in the deceptions. The boy expresses a desire to be a soothsayer, but is found to be of no use, as he is incapable of delivering credible prophesies, and so he is put back to work at assisting his mentor in creating various devices of supposedly incredible capabilities. However, bad times soon fall on Blacaman the Bad and his incredible devices and potions are no longer selling. Blacaman the Bad decides to return the worthless boy back to his father and get his money back. Before he can execute this further misfortune falls on Blacaman the Bad. The admiral, who had bought the useless antidote for poisons, dies attempting to demonstrate its potency like Blacaman the Bad did. The marines return looking for Blacaman the bad to wreck vengeance, and so Blacaman the Bad flees with his protà ©gà ©. This flight puts them in a desolate land in which they almost die of hunger. Believing that all his misfortune is due to the boy he has taken under his wing, he puts him in a dungeon and tortures him and does not give him

Information Strategy Plan for catering services Essay Example for Free

Information Strategy Plan for catering services Essay Develop a solid, corporate identity in its specified targeted market areas. Become the top brokerage firm by its fifth year (2015) of operation, or before. The company believes that the above-mentioned objectives are obtainable because of the high degree of professionalism and expertise in real estate marketing upheld by the corporation’s core values. Compliance to the RESA Law compels all marketing executives with the knowledge of the real estate laws and procedures which will give them the corresponding license from the Professional Regulation Commission (PRC) as Licensed Real Estate  Sales Agents to engage in the marketing and sales of real estate properties. DRIVEN will provide them the needed training upon entering the profession. Free and paid trainings will be available at a high return to the agent. When starting out, most agents are not able proper training and support. The office environment will be productively and professionally presentable making it inviting to the agent as well as to its client developers and potential buyers / investors. A team of assistants and coordinators will man the office to provide virtual support and track daily marketing routine/schedule. Marketing executives will have the opportunity to be guided each day through a marketing plan. They may choose to follow the guidelines and training provided or they may follow their own daily routines. The company will be supplying a well-studied program allowing the new marketing executives to earn more than the average real estate agent by providing constant guidance and stability. If an agent for example sets a goal to obtain one buyer for the month, on an average of Php3,000,000.00 he would earn an income of Php81,000 per month (inclusive of withholding tax) X 12 months = Php972,000 per year. The accredited brokers will guide and assist every marketing executive in conquering this goal. The same sales as noted above would profit the corporation Php27,000 per month X 12 months = Php324,000 for the year X 460 agents = Php149,0400,000.  Under the RESA Law the real estate brokers on the other hand, are entitled to manage 20 marketing executives hence the corresponding profit for the accredited brokers given the same sales goal will be Php27,000 per month X 12 months = Php324,000 for the year X 20 agents = Php3,888,000 on top of his personal sales. At every stage of a persons’ search for property the listing will experience attrition or in other words a point where the searcher does will not proceed to view details or make an enquiry about the property being sold. This happens when the property cannot be found hence agents are encouraged to utilize all major portals in the market to minimize attrition and maximize results. No attention grabbers can also happen when the website is compromised by poorly optimized and presented Images and even the mere. Titles and Text may increase attrition rate significantly reason why all listings presented on portals should theme professional real estate photography as well as optimized titles and text. People online get bored quickly as well, if a person’s interest is lost while reviewing the property, chances are a potential sale might be lost as well. Apart from getting bored quickly, people using the internet react impulsively. They are quick to judge and if their perception is negative of what they are reading or seeing they will leave and move on, potentially never to look at the listing again.

Technology Paper :: essays research papers

Syndication of the Web 'Syndication involves the sale of the same good to many customers, who then integrate it with other offerings and redistribute it (Werbach, 2000).'; E-Trade is one such organization. They distinguish themselves from their competition by the way they package and price the information they sell not through the information itself. Syndication is a very different way of structuring the business of today. This way of doing business is very different than the way business has been done in the past. It requires small and large businesses to rethink their tactical and strategic plans, thus causing the reshaping of organizations. This will also change the way they interact with customers and partner with other entities. In addition, businesses will be forced to develop new models for collecting revenues and earning profits. Syndication has traditionally been rare in the business world for three reasons. First, syndication works only with information goods. Second, syndication requires modularity. Third, syndication requires many independent distribution points (Werbach, 2000). Within this syndication network, businesses can play three different roles or a company can play one role in a syndication network, or two or three roles simultaneously. The three roles are originators, syndicators, or distributors. The originators create the original product or content. The syndicators package the content for distribution to the distributors. Often times they integrate it with the product or content from other originators. And last but not least, the distributors deliver the content to customers (Werbach, 2000). Within the structure of syndication there are syndicators and distributors. Syndicators save the distributors from having to find all of the different originators in an effort to gather all of the content that they want to package and eventually put out for distribution. The syndicators are able to collect standard formats and contracts from a variety of sources and making it readily available. This part of the process frees the distributors from having to find and negotiate with dozens or even hundreds of different originators. This allows syndicators to act as information collectors by collecting and packaging digital information in a way that adds value to it. In the physical world, it is very difficult to find a syndicator that works alone and is not associated with the entertainment industry. Technology Paper :: essays research papers Syndication of the Web 'Syndication involves the sale of the same good to many customers, who then integrate it with other offerings and redistribute it (Werbach, 2000).'; E-Trade is one such organization. They distinguish themselves from their competition by the way they package and price the information they sell not through the information itself. Syndication is a very different way of structuring the business of today. This way of doing business is very different than the way business has been done in the past. It requires small and large businesses to rethink their tactical and strategic plans, thus causing the reshaping of organizations. This will also change the way they interact with customers and partner with other entities. In addition, businesses will be forced to develop new models for collecting revenues and earning profits. Syndication has traditionally been rare in the business world for three reasons. First, syndication works only with information goods. Second, syndication requires modularity. Third, syndication requires many independent distribution points (Werbach, 2000). Within this syndication network, businesses can play three different roles or a company can play one role in a syndication network, or two or three roles simultaneously. The three roles are originators, syndicators, or distributors. The originators create the original product or content. The syndicators package the content for distribution to the distributors. Often times they integrate it with the product or content from other originators. And last but not least, the distributors deliver the content to customers (Werbach, 2000). Within the structure of syndication there are syndicators and distributors. Syndicators save the distributors from having to find all of the different originators in an effort to gather all of the content that they want to package and eventually put out for distribution. The syndicators are able to collect standard formats and contracts from a variety of sources and making it readily available. This part of the process frees the distributors from having to find and negotiate with dozens or even hundreds of different originators. This allows syndicators to act as information collectors by collecting and packaging digital information in a way that adds value to it. In the physical world, it is very difficult to find a syndicator that works alone and is not associated with the entertainment industry.

Applied Linguistics Essay

Second language learning has always become an important work-field both in schools and other private sectors dealing with language teaching and learning process especially in the time of global integration. It is a complex activity involving a mix of internal factors such as age, aptitude, motivation, personality, or learning strategies†¦and external factors such as socio-economic and cultural background, learning and teaching contexts†¦ All these factors play a very important role in learners? success in acquiring and using a second language. Thus, learners’ second language achievement can be greatly improved when teachers have a better understanding of the learner, of the learning process and of the variables that may help or hinder learner’s language achievement. Because of the limited size of this article, I am going to discuss some of the most important factors affecting learner’s second language achievement: motivation, age, personality, social and cultural factor in order to analyze what stimulates successful language learning and what places obstacles in the learner’ s path to language proficiency. II. DEVELOPMENT II. 1. Some factors affecting learner’s L2 achievement II. 1. 1. Internal factors II. 1. 1. 1. Motivation It is undeniable that motivation is one of the major factors in deciding the learner’s failure or success in second language achievement. Motivation is a kind of desire for learning. It is very difficult to teach a second language in a learning environment if the learner does not have a desire to learn a language. Reece & Walker (1997) stress that a less able student who is highly motivated can achieve greater success than the more intelligent student who is not well motivated. In this article, we are concerned with motivation related to foreign language teaching and learning. Wilkins (1972) points out that â€Å"motivation is not a general covert term for possibly distinct concept such as energy, interest and enjoyment, but instead, restricted to the degree of willingness to learn which depends largely on the learner’s needs in learning the language. Psychologists have distinguished two major types of motivation which play an important role in determining how willing the learner is to persevere with the task: instrumental and integrative motivation The first motivation will be discussed is instrumental motivation. It is generally characterized by the desire to obtain something practical or concrete from the study of a second language (Hudson 2000). With instrumental motivation, the purpose of language acquisition is more utilitarian, such as meeting the requirements for school or university graduation, applying for a job, requesting higher pay based on language ability, reading technical material, translation work or achieving higher social status. Instrumental motivation is often characteristic of second language acquisition, where little or no social integration of the learner into a community using the target language takes place. According to Richards (1976) simply learning a language to acquire course credits, or to carry out a limited range of tasks that do not involve the learner in close face – to – face interaction ( for example a person learning enough English to sell souvenirs to tourists does not generally lead to a high degree of accomplishment in learning). However, in recent years, according to Brown (1977), he stated that Indian English is one example of a variety of English which can be acquired very successful for instrumental reasons alone. Another motivation will be taken into consideration is integrative motivation. According to Gardner and Lambert (1959), this kind of motivation means learning a language because the learner wishes to identify himself with or become integrated in the society whose language it is. It has generally been thought that integrative motivation is the more powerful of the two because it implies a desire to integrate with speakers of the target language. Instrumentally oriented students would be expected to acquire the second language only to the point where their instrumented goals were satisfied. It is likely that when the learner merely wanted to be able to buy food and take public transportation he could achieve those goals with a very low level of proficiency in the second language and if the learner had to use the target language in his professional life, his level of learning would be much higher. Learners with integrative motivation view the language as a key to social and cultural enrichment through the opportunities to provide for association with members of a different culture. Then their goal in learning the language is to be able to use the language as a means of  communication and also for acceptance by the people who speak the language. Such motivation often leads to high accomplishment. In settings such as Vietnam, learners who learn English for special purposes have a great deal of instrumental motivation to acquire English in order to be able to be applied for a good job with a high salary. They learn English very fast just because they want to communicate orally, in a very simple English with other speakers of English. In Vietnam, English is a compulsory subjects so almost all of students learn English just to pass the exam. Thus, the type of language learned namely forms as mainly for communicative use will be directly affected by the type of examination students need to pass. As a result, it is likely that learners will not achieve a high standard of English. II. 1. 1. 2. Language aptitude As has been discussed in the previous section, success in mastering a foreign language depends very much on the learner’s motivation. Beside the motivation factor, social psychologists have also found out that whether a student can learn a foreign language very successfully or not also depends on his language aptitude. This section is an attempt to discuss an intrinsic factor influencing foreign language learning that is language aptitude. Aptitude for language learning is usually composed of four different types of abilities: the ability to identify and memorize new sounds, the ability to understand the function of particular words in sentences, the ability to figure out grammatical rules from language samples, the ability to memorize new words. Many tests of language aptitude have proven extremely effective in predicting which learners will be successful in learning. However, considerable controversy remains about whether language aptitude is properly regarded as a unitary concept, an organic property of the brain, or as a complex of factors including motivation and short-term memory. Research has generally shown that language aptitude is quite distinct from general aptitude or intelligence, as measured by various tests, and is itself fairly consistently measurable by different tests. Language aptitude research is often criticized for being irrelevant to the problems of language learners, who must attempt to learn a language regardless of whether they are gifted for the task or not. This claim is reinforced by research findings that aptitude is largely unchangeable. In addition, traditional language aptitude measures such as the Modern Language Aptitude Test strongly favor decontextualized knowledge of the sort used in taking tests, rather than the sort used in conversation. For this reason little research is carried out on aptitude today. However, operators of selective language programs such as the United States Defense Language Institute continue to use language aptitude testing as part of applicant screening. In my opinion, as a teacher of English, aptitude plays an important role in learner’s language achievement. How is it that some people can learn a foreign language quickly while others, given the same opportunity experience utter failure? Does this depend on how language is taught? Partly this is true as when the teacher is equipped with a better language teaching method, his students can learn faster. But partly it is not true as in the same group there always exists fast and slow learners. Another answer to the question is the problem of â€Å"motivation† but not all students with the same motivation can have the same accomplishment. Another possible answer to the question is that some people have language aptitude while others do not. II. 1. 1. 3. Learner’s age The previous section dealt with the learner’s language aptitude, a factor that influences language acquisition a great deal. This section will take into consideration another factor – age which has received a number of opinions so far. In the past few decades, the comparisons among child, adolescent and adult learners have been made by many researchers, and the different findings as well as explanations have been reported. Traditionally, research in Critical Period Hypothesis and other variables has derived two major aspects of language learning–the younger = the better and the older = the better. However, recently the scholars in the fields of linguistics, psychology and psycholinguistics have reported their study or experiment results continually, resulting in completely different points of view so the argument for or against the Critical Period Hypothesis has never stopped. The question of how developmental stages interact with individual learning differences is still a question of great debate. Is there an optimal age, a critical period or a sensitive period? How does the age factor affect the development of linguistic abilities? Are adults really inferior to children and even to adolescents? There exists a belief that younger learners have certain advantages over older learners in language learning. According to Ellis in 2008; Larsen-Freeman in 2008; Mayberry & Lock in 2003, Robert Dekeyser in 2000, younger children learn L2 easily and quickly in comparison to older children. Larsen-Freeman & Long in 2008 also suggest that there is a period of time, between birth and somewhere around the age when a child enters puberty, exists in which the learning a second language can be accomplished more rapidly and easily than times falling outside of this period (i. e. post puberty). This is because children are in the most flexible condition learning a foreign language. This stage might be strongly impressed on their brain, which can stimulate nervous function system, and the further learning can help them to form language habit and competency easi1y. however Researchers also disagree with withdrawing home language support too soon and suggest that although oral communication skills in a second language may be acquired within 2 or 3 years, it may take 4 to 6 years to acquire the level of proficiency needed for understanding the language in its academic uses (Collier, 1989; Cummins, 1981). So children who are taught L2 intensively too early will damage their L1 acquisition. Another belief reported by Johnson and Newport, Dekeyser, Asher and Price, Politzer and Weiss, Olson and Samuel, Lightbown and Spada (2008) that older learners have a higher level of problem solving and metalinguistics abilities than younger learners.. The young learners are considered fluent in communication of the second language and achieve native like accent. Learners after the age of puberty do not acquire native like accent of a second language but have complex learning pattern. Research suggests that children and adults L2 learners pass through different developmental states in second language learning. Learning depends on the cognitive maturity and neurological factors. Adults’ cerebra nerve network has come into being completely, and their thinking habits have become mature in this period. They can deal with complicated language form and contents easily, because their meta-language consciousnesses, common sense and literary knowledge are better than children. In general, age is important but not everything in second language learning. There are some factors related to the age, for example the learning opportunities, the motivation to learn, individual differences, and learning styles, are also important determining variables that affect the rate of second language learning in various developmental stages of the learners. II. 1. 1. 4. Learner’s personality We have mentioned some important factors influencing learner’s second language achievement such as motivation, language aptitude and age. In this section we continues with some specific personality factors in human behavior in relation to second language acquisition. The psychological factors to be discussed here are self-esteem, inhibition, extroversion/ introversion. Self –esteem is the degree of value, a worthiness which an individual ascribes to himself. According to Schuman in 1978 and Brown in 1980, there are three kinds of self- esteem: global, specific and task self – esteem. How is self –esteem related to second language acquisition? Brown (1980) states that specific self- esteem might refer to second language acquisition in general but task- esteem might approximately refer to one’s self-evaluation of a particular aspect of the language process: speaking, writing†¦ A study by Adelaide Heyde (1979) revealed that all three aspects of self-esteem correlated positively with performance in oral production and student with high self –esteem actually performed better in the foreign language. Inhibition – sets of defences built to protect the ego, a concept closely related to self-esteem and of course has to be considered by teachers. Language learners, children or adults, make progress by learning from making mistakes but at the same time, making mistakes can be viewed as a threat to one’s ego. As a result, the learner tends to build a certain degree of defence to protect himself. Guiora et al†¦ (1972a) produced one of the few studies in inhibition in relation to second language learning, and the experiments have been high-lighted a possibility that the inhibition, the defence which we place between ourselves and others can prevent us from communicating in a foreign language. . Another factor which also needs some examination is extraversion and introversion. Language teachers often assume that the extraverts are better language learner than introverts. In a language class, the teacher tends to prefer to have more students with an outgoing and talkative personality. At an early stage, extroverts seem to speak the language better than the introverts, but this does not mean that the proficiency of a more introverted student will be lower. This depends very much on the goal of learning. It can be argued that the reserved learner may be very quiet but he can be a good language learner in the sense that he is good in aural and reading comprehension even though he cannot speak. Thus, it is not clear then that extraversion or introversion helps or hinders the process of second language acquisition and it is hard to say which is ideal for language learning. II. 1. 2. External factors The previous section examined some aspects of internal factors. This section accounts for some equally important external factors which also affect learner’s second language achievement. As language teachers we are faced with factors such as the social context of learning, the cultural differences between two language involved. The learning environment of the educational context and the teaching method being used. Most of these are largely beyond our control but nevertheless they are important because they can affect, sometimes decide the learner’s internal factors in learning. To improve teaching and stimulate better learning, these factors should be taken into consideration. II. 1. 2. 1.  Social factor The child’s acquisition of his mother tongue is affected by the condition under which it takes place. The same influence is also relevant to learning of a second or foreign language. The classroom itself is a kind of social setting where each student has a role, so his success of learning a foreign language is, to some extent, determined by the teacher- student relationship and the student- student relationship. The teacher’s love for his job is often an encouragement to his students in their learning. According to Cheatain (1976), student is also strongly encouraged to learn the language when his teacher is always hopeful. The student- student relationship is no less important. This instance concerns face- saving. No students likes to let his errors be known to his friends, so correction of errors by the group is helpful when there is non- hostile trusting climate in the classroom. In addition to the classroom features of the learning situation itself, there are factors in the wider social context that influence language learning. Teaching never occurs in a vacuum. Any subject occupies a position in the syllabus in order to meet a need of all part of the school population. Second language or foreign language teaching is not an exception. As the political, economic and historical conditions change, the course objectives are altered. In a great number of countries it so happens that shifting political economic and social conditions often bring about the change in status of a second or foreign language. For example, English was not introduced into the school curriculum in Vietnam until 1971. Nowadays, when Vietnam is a member of WTO, English becomes a compulsory subject as it is an international language of commercial and official communication. Political factors are not the only ones that influence second language learning. Other attitudes towards language learning which are characteristic of the society to which the learner belongs are particularly important to the success of language learners. In Vietnam, the ability of using English fluently is a special qualification for certain favored jobs, but in others like the UK or the USA, learning another language is little more than a hobby. Obviously, all the different attitudes, which actually stem from political, economic or historical causes play an important part in the overall achievement in foreign language learning. II. 1. 2. 2. Cultural factors It is obvious that knowing a second language no longer means merely having acquired some linguistic competence: the ability to construct grammatically correct sentences. It also includes the acquisition of communicative competence: the ability to communicate the second language. To the extent that language is culturally acquired, one can never learn a second language successfully without learning the culture of that language. In the article â€Å"Talking across culture† in 1981, Richards argues that those who are supposed to know a foreign language must have linguistic competence, communicative competence and social competence as well. By social competence, he means that the learner is expected to know how to behave in a speech community of speakers of the target language. In other words, he must be familiar with the culture of the native speakers otherwise, he will be shocked, or fail to understand native speakers even though he is linguistically competent. It can be concluded that anyone decides to learn a certain language properly, culture is something he cannot avoid in the process. In teaching English, we need to be aware of the cultural assumptions that the students already possess. We also need to be aware of the cultural assumptions that surround the use of English. Functions and structures used to be examined for cultural content, it cannot be assumed that they are neutral. II. 2. Language teaching implications. For the reason that motivation plays a very important role in second language achievement, the task of the teacher is to maximize the motivation. Teachers should raise students’ interest in learning English so that they no longer learn English to pass the exam or to fulfill curriculum’s requirement but for the desire to interact and communicate with foreigners†¦ In order to achieve these goals, teachers should vary the activities, tasks and materials, provide students with opportunities for interaction in the target language in and outside the language learning environment through preplanned, and authentic activities. As a result, students will be more interested in learning English. Not many researchers have carried out research about language aptitude because it is something that teachers are powerless to alter. Students vary in terms of aptitude so teachers should categorize them according to their aptitude profiles. For example, one group was identified as having particularly good memory abilities (relative to other abilities), and another group was identified as being high in verbal analytical abilities. It is the duty of teachers to select appropriate teaching approaches and activities based on learners’ aptitude profiles to accommodate their differences in aptitude. If the methodology matches students, they will learn better otherwise it may decrease students’ second language achievement. We all know that different ages have different ways of learning and different ways of achieving language. The differences among the three age groups (children, adolescents and adults) are really existent and the biological L2 learning conditions are unchangeable. Learners of different ages and stages should use different strategies. Thus, the teacher’s duty is different in the three groups and the teaching approaches and strategies should cater for the traits of students. For example, children use strategies unconsciously and their teacher should help them form good learning habits in this period. Some adolescents might be unable to be aware of using learning strategies, and others use too many complex and sophisticated learning strategies in L2 language learning, which might not ensure to achieve high level. Adult learners prefer analytic-style strategies such as comparative and contrastive analysis, generalization rules learning, and dissecting words and phrases. As a result, teachers should manipulate a number of options according to the aim of the teaching and learning, such as different reading materials, the speed of teaching procedures, etc†¦ Suitable approach and strategies for each trait of age will help learners achieve language better, compensate the shortcomings and take good advantage of in three groups. As the results listed in the previous part indicate, learners differ in terms of personality. Some students are very reserved, some are self- confident, some are ready to take a risk but others do not. Understanding each student’s personality is extremely important to every teacher not except for teacher of English. When teacher know students’ characteristics, they can use appropriate methods for each of them. For example, most of Vietnamese students are still basically shy and withdrawn. Then teachers should involve a lot of pair and group work instead of using the teacher- students questions and answers. Teachers should use cooperative rather than competitive goals to create a supportive and non-threatening learning atmosphere. Besides, teachers should encourage and support students all the time especially when they are struggling or lacking confidence in certain areas. Good teachers will know how to adapt their methods of teaching to different learners’ personalities to have best results in second language achievement. It cannot be denied that social context has a big influence on situation of second language teaching and learning of each nation. Thus, in order to create a good learning condition for second language learning to flourish is the duty of everyone: parents, authority of school, community, ministry†¦ For example, parents should give children favorable condition to learn second language, school should be concerned about students’ language learning and teaching to make it better, ministry of education should pay more attention to the quality of language teacher, textbooks and facilities necessary for effective second language teaching and learning to happen. Culture is very important in second language learning so the duty of teachers is to raise students’ awareness of cultural differences between countries. When teaching a foreign language such as English, teachers should teach students language competence along with socio- cultural competence. Both teachers and authorities should bear in mind that learning about other cultures does not mean changing one’s own values and world outlook. On the contrary, by comparing some aspects of cultures in different societies, students may better appreciate their own culture and tradition and avoid false stereotypes which may result in either prejudice against other culture or blind belief that other cultures are superior. A successful language learner is a person who not only knows how to make grammatical and meaningful sentences but also knows how to use them in appropriate situations and a good language teacher is a person who knows how to help them do so successfully. III. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the success in second language acquisition depends largely on many factors but some of the most important factors can be mentioned are motivation, language aptitude, learner’s age and personality, social and cultural context. Thus, knowing these factors and how they influences learners’ second language achievement is very crucial to teachers of foreign languages in general and English in particular. Their language can be greatly improved when teachers have a better understanding of the learner, of the learning process and of the variables that may help or hinder learner’s language achievement. IV. REFERENCE Krishna K.  B , â€Å"Age as an Affective Factor in Second Language Acquisition†, Troy Universityn Press. HIDASI, Judit, (2005) â€Å"The Impact of Culture on Second Language Acquisition†, Annals of the International Business School. Hoan, P. K, (1985), â€Å"Psychological and cultural factors related to methodologies to Hanoi foreign languages Teachers’ college student†, Sydney Zhang . J, (2006) Sociocultural Factors in Second Language Acquisition, Sino-US English Teaching, Volume 3, No. 5 (Serial No. 29) Mehmet, N. G, (2001) â€Å"the effects of age and motivation factors on second language acquisition† F? rat University Journal of Social Science. tic